Akhenaten

Invitation to view an exhibition of Amarna objects in the Well­come Museum, 1930 75

Columns from tomb 16 and the tomb of Panehesy at Amarna 90

Bookplate of James Henry Breasted, an engraving of the tym­panum of the Oriental Institute, Chicago 100

'FIDUS'. Hugo Hoppener (1868-1948), illustrator, alternative religionist and later Nazi sympathiser, often mingled Egyptian elements with nudism in his graphics 110

Tiye, Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their daughters dining 142

Cartoon by George Morrow from Punch, 9 May 1923, at the

height of 'Tutmania' 149

Ankhesenpaaten on the run 161 7.1 Limestone stela from Amarna showing Akhenaten enthroned

with another ruler 169

OUTLINE CHRONOLOGY

All dates before the Macedonian Period are approximate.

Early Dynastic Period Old Kingdom First Intermediate Period Middle Kingdom Second Intermediate Period New Kingdom

Eighteenth Dynasty

1539-

1307

bce

Ahmose

1539-

1525

bce

Amunhotep I

1525-

1504

bce

Tuthmose I

1504-1492

bce

Tuthmose II

1492-

1479

bce

Tuthmose III

1479-

1425

bce

Hatshepsut

1473-

1458

bce

Amunhotep II

1427-

1401

bce

Tuthmose IV

1401-

-1391

bce

Amunhotep III

1391

1353

bce

Akhenaten

1353-

1335

bce

Neferneferuaten

1335-

1333

bce

Smenkhkare'

1333-

-1332

bce

Tutankhamun

1333-

1323

bce

Ay

1323-

1319

bce

Horemheb

1319

1307

bce

Nineteenth Dynasty

1307-

-1196

bce

Twentieth Dynasty

1196-

1070

bce

Third Intermediate Period 1070-712 bce

Late Period 712-332 bce

Macedonian and Ptolemiac Period 332-30 bce

2920-2575 bce 2575-2134 bce 2134-2040 bce 2040-1640 bce 1640-1532 bce 1539-1070 bce

Roman and Byzantine rulers 30 bce-6 19 ce

Sassanian rulers Byzantine rulers Muslim conquest of Egypt Caliphates

Ottoman rule over Egypt Line of Muhammad 'Ali

(British Protectorate Elected government of Egypt 619-628 ce 628-641 ge 639-642 ge 641-1517 ce 1517-1805 ce 1805-1953 ce 1882) 1953-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Serpent's Tail for permission to reproduce the poem on page 166. While every effort has been made to trace copyright holders of the illustrations reproduced here, it has not been possible to locate them in every case. If copy­right holders of unsourced illustrations would like to make themselves known to the publishers, we will be more than happy to make any reparation that is required.

Drafts of various parts of this book were read as papers in Leeds, Manchester, Derby, Brighton, Leicester and London: my thanks to everyone there who lis­tened, made comments, and sent references. It's a pleasure to thank the following by name for all their help and enthusiasm: Angela and James for proofreading and many useful observations; John Baincs for his invaluable comments both on general themes and on points of detail; Alison Balaam; Moniquc Bell for giving me permission to reproduce a photograph of the marvellous beaded evening bag in her possession, and Bob Brier for putting me in touch with Ms Bell; Sarah Clack- son for showing me her work on the Coptic texts from Amarna in advance of publication; Erica Davies and J. Keith Davies at the Freud Museum for their enthusiasm for this project and much practical help during my visits there; the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Socicty for granting permission to repro­duce copyright material; Joann Fletcher; David Frankfurter; Julie Hankey for giving access to the unpublished papers of her grandfather, Arthur Weigall, sup­plying me with references, and very kindly allowing me to read parts of her biography-in-progrcss of him; Professor J. R. Harris, whose seminars on Amarna texts when I was an undergraduate first stimulated my interest in Akhenaten; Anette Hang; Elinor van Heyningan; Tom Holland for letting me interview him and sending me The Sleeper in the Sands in advance of publication; Lisa Hopkins for some invaluable sources I would otherwise never have found; Lance Kwesi Lewis for all his assistance with Chapter 5, which would have been completely different without his generous gifts of materials; Imelda Lloyd; Suzi Maeder for stimulating discussions of Thomas Mann; Geoffrey Martin; Richard Parkinson for discussions and work-in-press; the Petrie Museum, LInivcrsity College London; Jan Picton for taking on the task of producing drawings and the map; Sebastian Puncher; Janet Richards for making available to me her essay on

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS