Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций

3. Look! She (to draw) a very nice picture.

4. At this time yesterday I (to talk) to my friend.

5. The TV programme (to be gin) before I (to come) home.

6. I (not to eat) ice-cream since summer.

7. I understood that she (not to read) my letter.

8. She (to do) the rooms when I (to come) home.

9. It's all right: she (to find) the way out of the situation.

10. He (to come) home late yesterday.

11. She is very glad: she (to finish) her composition at last.

12. He (to trans late) the whole text by eleven o'clock.

13. I never (to be) to Rome.

14. Last year we (to work) very much

15. When I (to have) breakfast, I went to school.

16. I (not to see) you for ages! I am very glad to see you.

17. When you (to see) the «Swan lake»?

18. My sister already (to graduate) from the institute.

19. He repaired the toy which his brother (to break) the day before.

20. I (to see) an interesting TV programme this week.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous или Past Perfect.

1. Only when she was going to bed, she remembered that she (to forget) to ring up her friend.

2. We already (to study) seven English tenses.

3. He (to spend) two weeks in Scotland two years ago.

4. I (to buy) a lovely fashionable dress. Now I shall look smart at the party.

5. He (to learn) Eng lish before he (to go) to the USA

6. When she (to spend) all her money, she (to go) home.

7. I (to I speak) to my friend yesterday.

8. Look! Kate (to I wash) all the dishes.

9. Your mother (to return) I from work? Can I speak to her?

10. She (to do) her flat the whole day on Saturday.

11. The cat (to drink) all the milk which I (to give) it.

12. You I ever (to be) to Piccadilly Circus?

13. He (not to read) Turgenev since he was a pupil.

14. They (to reach) the river by sunset.

15. I (not yet to re ceive) an answer to my letter.

16. She is very happy: her son (to finish) school.

17. My brother (to train) at the stadium from six till eight yesterday.

18. My sister (to buy) a pair of nice model shoes this month.

19. I (not to dance) for ages.

20. When Nick (to come) from school, his friends (to play) in the yard.

Answer the questions.

1. What organs are the kidneys?

2. What the kidneys remove?

3. What do the kidneys regulate?

4. What is each kidney composed of?

5. What is the stroma consists of?

6. What is the parenchyma consists of?

7. Does the kidney contain a hilum, a cortex, and a medulla?

8. Where is hilum located?

9. What is the Bowman's capsule consists of?

10. What is Lamina propria consists of?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

ЛЕКЦИЯ № 45. The kidneys function

The kidneys are filters which remove waste products from the blood. In the human each is a bean-shaped organ, some four inches long and about two inches wide. The two are situated high up on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum and in front of the lats ribs and the upper two lunbar transverse processes. Each is invested by a fibrous capsule surrounded by more or less perinephric fat. On the upper pole of each is a supra-renal gland. On the medical side is a notch called the hilum where the vessels and the ureter are attached.

Vertical selections through a kidney discloses three more or less concentric zones. The other light-colored zone is the renal cortex, within this is the darker renal medulla and within this again is a space – the renal sinus which is normally occurred by a fibrous bag called the renal pelvis. The pelvis opens below into the ureter. The cortex extends inwards in a series of renal columns which divide the medulla into a number of renal pyramids. Each pyramid has a free rounded projection – a renal papilla – which lies in a cap – like extension, of the pelvis cal led a renal calyx. The pelvis is lined by transitioual epithelium, which extends the calyces and covers the papillae.