Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций

Muscles of the tongue. These include the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles (i. e., palatoglossus, stylogiossus, hyoglos – sus, genioglos-sus). All of the muscles are innervated by CN XII except the palatoglossus, which is supplied by CN X. Arterial supply: The tongue is supplied by the lingual branch of the external carotid aitery.

Venous drainage. The lingual veins, which lie on the under-surface of the tongue, drain to the internal jugular veins.

Lymphatic drainage. The tip of the tongue drains to the submental nodes, and the remainder of the anterior two-thirds drains first to sub-mandibular, then to deep cervical nodes. The posterior one-third drains directly to deep cervi cal nodes.

New words

shared – разделенный

digestive – пищеварительный

anteriorly – раньше

upper – верхний

regions – области

communicating – взаимодействие

oral cavity – полость рта

anterior wall – передняя стенка

pharyngeal – глоточный

mucosa – слизистая оболочка

fibrous layer – волокнистый слой

longitudinal – продольный

circular layer – круглый слой

superior – выше

middle – середина

posterior nasal apertures – задние носовые апертуры

torus tubarius – трубный валик

auditory space – носоглоточный

nasopharyngeal tonsil – миндалина

fold – сгиб

Спряжение глагола to be (быть) в Past Simple Tense

(Past Indefinite Tense) Таблица 6.

Переведите на английский язык, используя таблицу 6.

1. Я был учеником.

2. Он был летчиком.

3. Она была доктором.

4. Мы были школьниками.

5. Они были рабочими.

6. Ты был рабочим.

7. Они были учениками.

8. Я был дома.

9. Он был в школе

10. Она была в кино?

11. Мы были в парке.

12. Они были в театре?

13. Она была молодая в то время?

14. Он был старый.

15. Она не была учительницей.

16. Они были сильные.

17. Она была больна.

18. Вы были больны?

19. Он был болен?

20. Я не был болен.

21. Я был болен вчера.

22. Она не была больна.

23. Мы были в кино.

24. Они не были в кино.

25. Они не были в школе.

26. Они были дома.

27. Вы были в парке вчера?

28. Он был в школе вчера?

29. Он был рабочим.

30. Она была актрисой.

Answer the questions.

1. What is the pharynx?

2. What shares the pharynx?

3. What has the pharynx?

4. What forms the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx?

5. What the pharyngeal wall con sists of?

6. What is nasopharynx?

7. Where is nasopharynx located?

8. What is the torus tubarius?

9. What is located directly above and behind the torus tubarius?

10. What is located between the pillars that houses the palatine tonsil?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

ЛЕКЦИЯ № 36. Oral cavity

The oral cavity forms in the embryo from an in-pocketing of the skin, stomodeum; it is, thus, lined by ectoderm. Functionally, the mouth forms the first portion of both the digestive and respiratory systems. Various special structures are found in, or associated with, the mouth.

In humans the margins of the lips mark the junction between the outer skin and the inner mucous lining of the oral cavity. The roof of the mouth consists of the hard palate and, behind this, the soft palate which merges into the oropharynx. The lateral walls consist of the distensible cheeks. The floor of the mouth is formed principally by the tongue and the soft tissues that lie between the two sides of the lower jaw, or mandible.

The tongue, a muscular organ in the mouth, provides the sense of taste and assists in chewing, swallowing, and speaking. It is firmly anchored by connective tissues to the front and side walls of the pharynx, or throat, and to the hyoid bone in the neck.

The posterior limit of the oral cavity is marked by the fauces, an ap-perture which leads to the pharynx. On either side of the fauces are two muscular arches covered by mucosa, the glossopalatine and pharyngo-palatine arches; between them lie masses of lymphoid tissue, the tonsils. Hiese are spongy lymphoid tissues composed mainly of lympho-cytic cells held together by fibrous connective tissue. Suspended from the posterior portion of the soft palate is the soft retractable uvula. The palate develops from lateral folds of the primitive upper jaw. The palate of mammals consists of two portions. The hard palate, more anterior in position, underlies the nasal cavity. The soft palate hangs like a curtain between the mouth and nasal pharynx.