Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple, Past Continuous и Past Perfect.

1. I (to sit) in an armchair and (to think) of my coming trip across the North Sea when the door suddenly (to open) and an old friend of mine whom I (not to see) for a very long time (to enter) the room.

2. She (to come) to see us just at the time when we (to have) dinner. It (to be) the first time I (to see) her.

3. I (to see) him just as he (to leave) the hotel.

4. I (not to see) him before we (to meet) at the concert.

5. He (to leave) the house before 1 (to have) time to ask him anything.

6. He (to tell) me he (to learn) it from the newspaper.

7. He (to enter) the room, (to take) something from the desk and (to go) out.

8. There (to be) two men in the room. One of them (to write) something while the other (to read) a newspaper.

9. He (not to tell) me that he (to receive) a telegram from her.

10. I (to ask) him if he (to know) where she (to live). I (to say) I (not to know) her address.

11. He (to ask) me if I (can) give him your address.

12. She (to say) that he (to give) her the wrong address.

13. I (to ask) him where he (to put) my letter.

14. He (to tell) us that they (to spend) all the money.

15. After spending several days in Paris he (to feel) lonely and (to want) to return home.

16. I (to think) he already (to go) home.

17. I (to find) the old man in the garden. He (to talk) to some chil dren who (to stand) around listening to him.

18. He (to speak) a language we never (to hear) before.

19. Yesterday I (to look) at the sky for an hour.

20. Mandy (to read) a book the whole evening.

Answer the questions.

1. What is the urinary system consists of?

2. How many separate systems form sequentially?

3. Is the pronephros vestigial?

4. How may mesonephros function?

5. How does metanephros develop?

6. How is the renal development characterized?

7. Where does the ureteric bud penetrate?

8. What does the proximal nephron form?

9. Where do the adrenal glands lie?

10. Into how many portions is the mile urethra anatomically divided?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the Present Simple in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):

1) a) kidney; b) head; c) urethra;

2) a) teeth; b) bladder; c) parenchyma;

3) a) cloaca; b) urogenital; c) nasal;

4) a) neck; b) pronephros; c) kidney;

5) a) liquid; b) cell; c) blood.

ЛЕКЦИЯ № 44. Kidneys

The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs that remove urea and other waste products from the blood. In addition, they regu late the chemical composition of plasma and the extracellular fluid of the body. Each kidney is composed of stroma and parenchyma. The stroma consists of a tough fibrous connective tissue capsule and a delicate interstitial connective tissue com posed of fibroblasts, wandering cells, collagen fibrils, and a hydrated proteoglycan extracellular matrix, which is collec tively called the renal interstitium. The parenchyma consists of more than one million elabo rate uriniferous tubules that represent the functional units of the kidney.

The kidney contains a hilum, a cortex, and a medula. The hilum is located medially and serves entrance as the point of entrance and exit for the renal artery, renal veins, and ureter. The renal pelvis, the expanded upper, divides into two or three entrance into the kidney. These, in turn, divide into eight minor calyces. Branches of the renal artery, vein, and nerve supply each part of the kidney.

The cortex forms the outer zone of the kidney, as well as several renal columns, which penetrate the kidney.

The medulla appears as a series of medullary pyramids. The tips of the pyramids point toward the at the hilus. The apex of each pyramid stream into a minor calyx. Two or three pyramids may unite to form a papilla. Uriniferous tubules consist of two functionally related portions called the nephron and the collecting tubule.

Urinoferous tubules consist of two functionally related portions called the nephron and collecting tubule.

Glomerulus is made up of several anastomotic capillary loops interposed between an afferent and an efferent arteriole. The endothelium of the glomerulus is thin and fenestrated. Plasma filtration (ultrafiltra-tion) occurs in the glomerulus.

Bowman's capsule consists of an inner visceral layer and an outer parietal layer. The space between these layers, the uri nary space, is continuous with the renal tubule.