Теперь глобальный инвестиционный процесс получил новое мощное препятствие для развития в виде экономического национализма властей. Только несостоявшиеся сделки ABN Amro – Antonveneta и CNOOC – Unocal потянули бы в совокупности на десятки миллиардов. Прямым следствием «инвестиционного протекционизма» российских властей в течение последних лет стали сорвавшиеся сделки в объеме почти $20 млрд (CNPC – «Славнефть», ExxonMobil – «ЮКОС-Сибнефть», Total – «НОВАТЭК», Siemens – «Силовые машины»).
ВТО демонстрирует свою неспособность вмешаться в этот процесс – соглашение по связанным с торговлей инвестиционным мерам регулирует лишь возможности стран навязывать иностранным инвесторам определенные ограничения торгового характера.
Подчеркнутые заботы о преимущественных правах национальных инвесторов часто мотивируются геополитическими факторами, и не без причины. Китайские нефтегазовые госкомпании являются явными носителями геополитических амбиций руководства КНР. В Восточной Европе многим кажется, что в такой роли выступают российские компании. Но настоящая причина все-таки в другом. Национальными инвесторами удобнее рулить – обращаться к ним от имени власти с просьбами, пользоваться благами «дружбы» с крупными национальными бизнесменами (то яхту подарят, то свадьбу дочери оплатят). А с международным бизнесом все это значительно сложнее: общение приходится вести в четких правовых рамках. Для России именно такие мотивации очень актуальны. И, видимо, не только для России. Тем хуже для перспектив роста глобальной экономики.
Lesson 25
Multinational Companies
Read and translate the texts and learn terms from the Essential Vocabulary.
Are You Ready to Go Global?
Once you understand how global your industry is, you need to define globalization’s full potential for your company. Although every company is different, most are affected by the same internal and external forces. The challenge is to figure out how these forces will strengthen or weaken over time – and how to capitalize on that evolution. Three types of factors determine the course of globalization in a company: production, regulatory, and organizational.
Production
. There are two factors that determine an industry’s potential for disaggregating its value chain:To figure out your relocation sensitivity, consider metrics such as your typical bulk-to-value ratios, the ease with which your company can ensure quality standards remotely, the volatility of the demand for your service, and any sunk costs. Industries that make items that are hard to transport, such as steel or timber, may have little incentive to move their production processes. Companies that have already made huge capital investments in developed countries may not be able to justify shutting down factories even if the variable costs in developing countries are much lower.
To determine your location-specific advantages, look at variables including labor intensity, skill requirements, natural-resources intensity, and economies of scale and scope. Labor-intensive industries, such as apparel, have a greater incentive to move production to lower-wage countries. The exception would be a business whose workforce must possess specific skills that are not available outside a few countries. Industries that rely heavily on natural resources, such as the furniture sector, may find it advantageous to move to countries where those resources are plentiful and less expensive. Industries in which components are standardized, like consumer electronics, can take advantage of economies of scale in the production of individual components.
Regulatory
. Host countries’ regulations can inhibit globalization in several ways. A country can impose tariffs, set import and export quotas, require foreign companies to enter into JVs with local companies, specify minimum local content, ban foreign investment outright, or fail to invest in regulatory infrastructures. Indeed, regulatory factors – particularly countries’ efforts to restrict imports or FDI – are among the biggest constraints to globalization in many industries today.Organizational
. Three organizational factors can limit globalization for a company or an industry: internal management structures, incentive systems, and unionization. For example, offshoring in many U.S. companies has been slowed by midlevel managers’ reluctance to give up some responsibility for the migrated positions. Companies must realign management incentives with global, not local, performance metrics, while still allowing for local innovation and risk taking.