Болезни древних людей

Benignant growths and tumour-like formations are not at all rare in fossil bones. 14 osteomas have been registered in Eski-Kermen (V–XII с. c.). There are several cases of enchondroma and exchondroma (Sarkel, X–XII с. c.), osteochondroma (Krasnoyarsk district, XV–V с. с. В. C.; Eski-Kermen, V–XII с. c.), osteochondromatosis of joints (Sarkel, X–XII с. c.), multiple hemangiomatta of vertebral bodies (Altai district, nomad of the VIII–X c. c.) several cases of multiple cartilaginous exostosis (in different regions and in different epochs).

Typical multiple myelomatous perforated lesions in the cranial vault of a middle-aged man have been found in the Altai district (in a nomad of VIII–X с. c.).

Various kinds of metastases of cancer in bones, usually multiple metasta-ses, mainly in the vertebral bodies have been registered. We also came across osteolythic sclerosing and mixed metastases. The most ancient find was metastases in vertebra] bodies of a comparatively young female that had lived in North Kazakhstan in the Andronovsky bronze epoch (about XV с. В. C.). Other observations date back to the VII century В. C. (near Saragash lake of Krasnoyarsk district), to the III с. В. C. in the territory of the Tuvinsky A. S. S. R., to the I с. В. C. in the barrow near Biysk. Several cases of multiple cancerous metastases in the vertebral bodies, in the brain and face cranium, and in the skeleton of the limbs have been noted in the inhabitants of Sarkel (X–XII с. c.). Cases of simultaneous presence of cancerous osteophytosis (ossified cancerous periostitis), especially where the lower jaw is involved, together with osteolythic lesions in other bones are especially worthy of note (Sarkel, X–XII с. c.). We have found similar lesions in the brain cranium and in the lower jaw of the famous traveller and ethnographist N. N. Miklukho-Maklai, who died in 1888 at the age of 41 of a disease that remained undiagnosed.

All sorts of abnormalities of development have often been registered as well as occassional actual deformities of the skeleton (Krasnoyarsk district — Aphanasyevsky Culture, Karasuk Culture, Eski-Kermen, V–XII с. c., Ladoga lake region, XI–XII с. c., Sarkel, X–XII с. c.). Twice, malformation of female pelvis impeding normal child-birth has been witnessed (rightbank Tsymlyansky fortress, beginning of the IX c.; Sarkel, X–XII с. c.).

Adaptational and compensatory changes are most remarkable. A manifestation of which is the development of parostosis in short, and more rarely in long tubular bones (Eski-Kermen, V–XII с. c., Sarkel, X–XII с. c., Izyaslavl, 1241), and newly formed osseous rims, torus mandibularis et maxillaris. Bony rims have been most frequently observed in the jawbones of more ancient man (the later neolithic and bronze epoch in the Ukraine and Siberia), while in later periods they become less frequent (the lower jaw of a Scythian king from the Kul-Obah barrow, IV с. В. C.; Eski-Kermen, V–XII с. c., Sarkel, X–XII с. c.).

The fact that invalids and helpless cripples had the chance of existing for many years, in those far off days, is evidence of certain definite social relations and conditions of life, of the presence of a sense of duty and care taken by members of families and kinsmen.

Pathological changes and malformations of the skeleton are sometimes so characteristic that they enable us to depict the peculiar appearance and behaviour of a given individual with convincing exactness. This is done with respect to a number of historical persons (e. g. Yaroslav Mudry, Andrei Bogolyubsky and some others). Such anatomical and radiological data made possible an unusual medico-legal investigation carried on ages and millenniums after the event.

Many years examination of fossil bones, the comparative study of histo-rico-archeological, anatomical, anthropological and radiological data contributed to the formation of new theoretically and practically important branches of science, namely age-group and individual roentgeno-osteology, roentgeno-anthropology and roentgeno-paleopathology. The above research helped to improve clinical roentgenodiagnostics.

Именной указатель

Абель (Abel О.)

Аксгаузен (Axhausen G.)

Александр Македонский

Альтман З. Б.

Андерш (Andersch Н.)

Андрей Боголюбский

Аничков Н. Н.

Артамонов М. И.

Артамонова О. А.

Арциховский А. В.

Ашмед (Ashmead)

Ашоф (Aschoff L.)

Б

акулев А. Н.

Бамбергер (Bamberger)

Бартельс (Bartels Р.)

Бартуч (Bartucz L.)

Бауэр (Bauer W.)

Бах Иоганн-Себастиан

Бегуан (Bégouen)

Беннет (Bennett)

Бехтерев В. М.

Бибиков С. Н.

Бик В. И.

Блох (Bloch I.)

Бобин В. В.

Бодуэн (Baudoin М.)

Боев П.

Бонч-Осмоловский Г. А.

Бордье (Bordier)

Борисевич А. И.

Борисковский П. И.

Ботичелли

Бройер (Breuer)

Брока (Broca Р.)

Буве (Bouvet)

Буль (Boule)

Бун (Boone М. L.)

Бупак В. В.

Буржуа гайдук Петра Великого

Быстров А. Г.

Валлуа (Vallois H.-V.)

Васнецов В. М.

Вейденренх (Weidenreich F.)

Вейкман (Weickmann F.)

Вейксельбаум (Weichselbaum А.)

Вейнбергер (Weinberger В. W.)

Вейнерт

Вела (Vela)

Велькер (Welcker Н.)