Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress

scientific literacy on, 356–7

spokespeople for, 382

Trump and, 335

Clinton, Bill, 67, 294, 449

Clinton, Hillary, presidential campaign of

analysis of voting patterns, 339, 438

conspiracy theories and, 358, 449

loss of, 214, 215

media and, 343, 449

popular vote won by, 214, 334, 338

theoconservatives and, 449

Clockwork Orange, A (film), 175

clothing

affordable, 80, 94, 117, 118

globalization and, 118, 462n63

coal

carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of, 143, 144, 465n67

cooking with, 183

gasification conversion to liquid fuel, 151

as replacing nuclear power plants, 147

See also climate change; energy; petroleum

Coal Miner’s Daughter (film), 113

Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire (1942), 183

cognition

combinatorial/recursive power of, 27

evolution of, not adapted to modernity, 25

language and, 27

See also abstract thinking; cognitive biases; Flynn effect; identity-protective cognition; intelligence

cognitive behavioral therapy, 175, 282

cognitive biases, 25–6, 353, 354–5, 403–4

adulthood mistaken for harsher world, 48

autobiographical memory and, 48, 281

bias bias of researchers, 361–3, 374

biased evaluation, 359

cognitive dissonance reduction, 377

confirmation biases, 369, 378

critical thinking courses, 377–8

debiasing programs, 378–9

decline in self mistaken for decline in times, 48

historical lag in recognizing, 383

Illusion of Explanatory Depth, 379–80

information sought to reinforce identity, 360

intuition outperformed by formulas, 403–4

motivated reasoning, 359, 377

My-Side bias, 359

Negativity bias, 47–8, 293

Optimism Gap, 40, 115, 225–6, 268

Rationality Community avoiding, 381

science as helping to overcome, 403

thinking in scale and in orders of change, 140

See also Availability heuristic; identity-protective cognition

cognitive psychology

and human irrationality, 351, 353

and literary scholarship, 407

Cohen, Leonard, 183

Cohen, Roger, 420

cohort (generational) effects

depression, 280–81, 282, 283, 476n74

emancipative values, 225–8, 226, 227

happiness, 273–4

liberalism, 216–17

populist support, 341–2, 342

religious belief, 437–8

social support, 275

suicide, 279–80

voting patterns, 342

See also age (life cycle) effects; Baby Boomers; Generation X; GI Generation; Millennials; period (zeitgeist) effects; Silent Generation

Cold War

autocratic governments propped up during, 91

civil wars during, 91, 158–60, 164

Colombian peace agreement and end of, 158

end of, and alleviation of poverty, 91

famine and, 78

New Peace following, 43

terrorism declining in period following, 195

See also nuclear war

Collier, Paul, 91

Colombia, 71, 71, 158, 172

colonial governments

and conquest, 163–4

famine exacerbated by, 78, 459n35

See also imperialism; postcolonial governments

commerce, 12–13

bourgeois virtue, development of, 84–5

cronyism, 83

institutions facilitating, 83–4

open economies, 83–4, 90–91

sectarian hatreds ameliorated by, 84

See also trade

—GENTLE COMMERCE, 13, 84, 162, 198–9, 228

American founders and, 13

and violent crime, historical reduction of, 168–9

communality, as scientific virtue, xvii–xviii

communism

collapse of, and escape from poverty, 90–91

democratic second wave pushed back by, 200

as failing to promote human flourishing, 364

famine exacerbated by, 78, 459n36

opposition to religion, 430, 436, 438

“primitive,” 102–3

quality of life and, 247, 248

romantic heroism and, 31, 165, 445

“scientific racism” and, 398

See also Marxism; Marxist guerrillas and terrorists

Compstat program, 380

computation

and consciousness, 426

and knowledge, 21

computers, delayed productivity growth from, 330. See also Artificial Intelligence; Internet

conatus (effort or striving), 19, 453

Condorcet, Nicolas de, 10

Confucianism, 23, 412, 418

Congo, poverty in, 89

Connor, Steven, 48

consciousness, 22, 407, 423, 425–8, 488n43

consequentialism, 416. See also utilitarianism

conservation areas, 123, 132–3, 133

conservation successes, 130, 133, 463n32

conspiracy theories

AIDS/HIV and, 401

as expression of tribal loyalty, 358–9

Trumpism and, 336, 358, 375, 376

consumerism, 33, 47, 165, 247–8, 251, 263, 431

consumer products

consumer price index, 81–2

and consumer surplus, 82, 117, 332

consumption over time, 116–18, 116

declining prices of, 82, 251, 254–5, 254

household appliances, 251–2, 252

improvement over time of, 82, 117, 332

consumer surplus. See paradox of value

cooking smoke, 130–31, 463n28

Coolidge, Calvin, Jr., 63

Coontz, Stephanie, 113

cooperation

evolution of capacity for, 23, 415, 453

Humanist Manifesto III on, 411

Kant’s “unsocial sociability,” 482n6

well-being and, 31

Cornwall Declaration on Stewardship, 287

corporal punishment, 12, 43, 229–30

corruption, as factor in happiness, 271

Cosmides, Leda, 17

cosmopolitanism, 11

and civilizations, development of, 450–51

declared a failure, 420

and diversification of diet, 259–60

multiethnic communities, 405, 448, 450

and sympathy, circle of, 221

virtues of science as, 409

counter-Enlightenments

declinism, 32–3, 165

disdain for science, 33–4

nationalism, 30–31

religion, 30, 31

rise of, 29–30