Foreign Agents: How American Lobbyists and Lawmakers Threaten Democracy Around the World

24. Spencer S. Hsu, Rachel Weiner, and Matt Zapotosky, “Roger Stone Trial: Former Top Trump Official Details Campaign’s Dealings on WikiLeaks, and Suggests Trump Was in the Know,” Washington Post, November 12, 2019. Trump later pardoned Stone before he served time in prison.

25. Ken Dilanian, Charlie Gile, and Dareh Gregorian, “Prosecutor Says Roger Stone Lied Because ‘the Truth Looked Bad for Donald Trump,’” NBC News, November 6, 2019.

26. Stone sent his email to Manafort on August 3, 2016. The next day, Stone wrote “that he had dinner with Assange the night before,” according to CNN. See Andrew Kaczynski and Gloria Borger, “Stone, on Day He Sent Assange Dinner Email, Also Said ‘Devastating’ WikiLeaks Were Forthcoming,” CNN, April 4, 2018; Darren Samuelson and Josh Gerstein, “What Roger Stone’s Trial Revealed About Donald Trump and WikiLeaks,” Politico, November 12, 2019.

27. Rosalind S. Helderman, Tom Hamburger, and Rachel Weiner, “At Height of Russia Tensions, Trump Campaign Chairman Manafort Met with Business Associate from Ukraine,” Washington Post, June 19, 2017.

28. Aaron Blake, “‘How Do We Use [This] to Get Whole?’: The Most Intriguing New Paul Manafort–Russia Email,” Washington Post, September 20, 2017.

29. “Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence.”

30. Ibid.

31. Robert Waldeck, The Black Ledger: How Trump Brought Putin’s Disinformation War to America (New York: Cobra y Craneo, 2020).

32. Ibid.

33. Philip Bump, “New Evidence Revives an Old Question: What Counts as Trump-Russia Collusion?,” Washington Post, August 18, 2020.

34. Mattathias Schwartz, “Exclusive: Paul Manafort Admits He Passed Trump Campaign Data to a Suspected Russian Asset,” Business Insider, August 8, 2022.

35. Ibid.

36. U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Escalates Sanctions Against the Russian Government’s Attempts to Influence U.S. Elections,” press release, April 15, 2021.

37. Despite all evidence to the contrary, Manafort has continued to claim that Kilimnik is “not a Russian agent.” See Manafort, Political Prisoner.

38. Jim Rutenberg, “The Untold Story of ‘Russiagate’ and the Road to War in Ukraine,” New York Times Magazine, November 2, 2022.

39. “Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence.”

40. Federal Bureau of Investigation to Jason Leopold, BuzzFeed News, March 2, 2022 (“Litigation_6th_Release_-_Leopold.pdf”), https://buzzfeed.egnyte.com/dl/gbuL8jn18Z/.

41. Sharon LaFraniere, “Mueller Report Leaves Unanswered Questions About Contacts Between Russians and Trump Aides,” New York Times, April 18, 2019.

42. Salvador Rizzo, “What Attorney General Barr Said vs. What the Mueller Report Said,” Washington Post, April 19, 2020.

43. U.S. Department of Justice, “Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election” (Mueller Report), March 2019.

44. Waldeck, The Black Ledger.

45. Andrew E. Kramer, Mike McIntire, and Barry Meier, “Secret Ledger in Ukraine Lists Cash for Donald Trump’s Campaign Chief,” New York Times, August 14, 2016.

46. Jonny Wrate, “Trump’s Ex-Campaign Chief Accused of Money Laundering in Ukraine,” Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, March 21, 2017.

47. Manafort, Political Prisoner.

48. Ibid.

49. McCaskill, Isenstadt, and Goldmacher, “Paul Manafort Resigns.”

14. BLACK HOLE

1. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).

2. Brenda Shaffer, “Russia’s Next Land Grab,” New York Times, September 9, 2014.

3. Brenda Shaffer, “Stopping Russia from Cornering Europe’s Energy Market,” Washington Post, November 3, 2014.

4. Casey Michel, “This Professor Refuses to Disclose Her Work for an Autocratic Regime. Here’s What Happened When I Confronted Her,” New Republic, January 22, 2015.

5. Robert Coalson, “Azerbaijan’s Opinion-Shaping Campaign Reaches ‘The New York Times,’” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, September 18, 2014.

6. Carl Schreck, “Sparks Fly over Scholar’s Azerbaijani Ties at Columbia University Event,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 24, 2014.

7. Till Bruckner, “How to Build Yourself a Stealth Lobbyist, Azerbaijani Style,” Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, June 22, 2015.

8. Collin Binkley, “Feds Say US Colleges ‘Massively’ Underreport Foreign Funding,” Associated Press, October 20, 2020.

9. U.S. Department of Education, “Section 117 of the Higher Education Act of 1965,” last modified July 19, 2022.

10. Alexander Cooley, Tena Prelec, John Heathershaw, and Tom Mayne, “Paying for a World-Class Affiliation: Reputation Laundering in the University Sector of Open Societies,” working paper, National Endowment for Democracy, May 2021.

11. Brendan O’Brien, “Harvard and Yale Universities Investigated for Possible Non-Disclosure of Foreign Money,” Reuters, February 12, 2020.

12. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, U.S. Senate, “China’s Impact on the US Education System,” February 27, 2019.