Лгуны или фантазеры. Правда о детской лжи

⁴Svenn Lindskold и Pamela S. Walters. Categories for Acceptability of Lies, The Journal of Social Psychology 120 (1983): 129-36.

⁵ Эти цифры приводятся в работе: В. В. Houser. Student Cheating and Attitude: A Function of Classroom Control Technique, Contemporary Educational Psychology 7 (1982): 113-23.

⁶ Эти цифры приводятся в работе: Claudia Н. Deutsch. Students Cheating Even More, New York Times, repr. in San Francisco Chronicle, 15 April 1988, p. B3.

⁷ Prof. Gary T. Marx. When a Child Informs on Parents, New York Times, 29 August 1986, p. 27.

⁸ San Francisco Chronicle, 12 September 1986, p. la.

⁹ New York Times, 22 August 1986, p. 8.

¹⁰ Для ясности я не приводил некоторые детали, например, что в исследовании принимали участие и мальчики, и девочки. Полный отчет опубликован в: Situational Influence on Moral Justice: A Study of «Finking», H. Harari and J. W. McDavid и Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 11 (1969), No 3: 240-44.

Глава 2

¹ Полный отчет приводится в: Studies in the Nature of Character (New York: Macmillan, 1928), vol. 1, Studies in Deceit-includes all this information.

² См.: М. Rutter, J. Tizard и К. Whitmore eds. Education, Health and Behavior (New York: Wiley, 1970); M. K. Shepherd, B. Oppenheim и S. Mitchell. Childhood Behavior and Mental Health (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1971); но не в: J. W. McFarlane, L. Alien и M. P. Honzik. A Developmental Study of the Behavior Problems of Normal Children Between Twenty-one Months and Fourteen Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962).

³ Цитата из: Honesty and Dishonesty, Roger V. Burton; глава в: Thomas Lickona, Moral Development and Behavior (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976).

⁴ Это исследование представили Charles

D. Johnson и John Gormly в статье, озаглавленной «Academic Cheating», Developmental Psychology 6 (1972): 320-25.

⁵Magda Stouthamer-Loeber упоминала о такой возможности в своей статье Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review, которая была опубликована в Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1986): 267-89.

⁶Thomas M. Achenbach и Craig S. Edelbrock. Behavioral Problems and Competencies Reported by Parents of Normal and Disturbed Children Aged Four Through Sixteen, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 46 (1981), № 188. См. работу тех же авторов: The Child Behavior Profile: 11, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 47 (1978): 223-33.

⁷ Stouthamer-Loeber. Lying as a Problem Behavior.

⁸Richard Christie и Florence L. Geis. Studies in Machiavellianism (New York: Academic Press, 1970), p. 1.

⁹Michael Korda. Power! (New York: Random House, 1975), p. 4.

¹⁰ Там же, с. 327.

¹¹Dorothea D. Braginsky. Machiavellianism and Manipulative Interpersonal Behavior in Children, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 6 (1970): 77-99. В этом исследовании использовалась другая версия мак-шкалы.

¹²S. Nachamie. Machiavellianism in Children: The Children's Mach Scale and the Bluffing Game, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1969. Отрывок приводится в: R. Christie и F. L. Geis. Studies in Machiavellianism, p. 326.

¹³Christie и Geis. Studies in Machiavellianism, p. 332.

¹⁴ D. D. Braginsky. Parent-Child Correlates of Machiavellianism and Manipulative Behavior, Psychological Report 27 (1970): 927-32, сообщил об инверсии отношений родители/дети в показателях мак-теста. R. Е. Kraut и J. D. Price.

Machiavellianism in Parents and Their Children, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 33 (1976): 782-86, было установлено положительное соотношение.

¹⁵

Kraut и Price. Machiavellianism; M. Lewis. How Parental Attitudes Affect the Problems of Lying in Children, Smith College Studies in Social Work 1 (1931): 403-404.

¹⁶ Time, 18 July 1986, p. 68.

¹⁷M. Stouthamer-Loeber и R. Loeber. Boys Who Lie, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 14 (1986): 551-64.

¹⁸ S. Dombush и dp. Single Parents, Extended Households and the Control of Adolesecents, Child Development 56’ (1985): 326-41. Также см.: L. Steinberg. Single Parents, Stepparents, and the Susceptibility of Adolescents to Antisocial Peer Pressure, Child Development 58 (1987): 269-75.

¹⁹Hartshome и May. Studies in Deceit, bk 1, General Methods and Results, c. 274.

²⁰ D. Sherill и dp. Seating Aggregation as an Index of Contagion, Educational Psychological Measurements 30 (1970): 663-68.