Paul and Jesus

   message of, xvi, 44, 46, 225

   Paul’s connection to, 1, 235

   Paul’s understanding of, xvii–xviii, 3, 12, 21, 38–39, 101, 120, 132–33, 152, 158, 202, 255, 256

   resurrection miracles by, 55–56

   resurrection teaching of, 58, 88, 116–17

   sightings of, 31, 63–64, 72, 73, 74, 77–78, 79, 81–88, 208, 252–53

   teachings of, 41–45, 46

   transfiguration of, 84, 96

   trial of, 31

   youth of, 23, 245

   see also Christ

Jesus, birth of:

   Christian belief about, xv, xviii, 72

   in gospels, 72, 73

Jesus, death of, 1, 30, 74, 252, 262

   Christian belief about, xviii, 24

   Paul’s view of, 112

   see also Jesus, burial of; Jesus, empty tomb of; Jesus, resurrection of

Jesus, resurrection of:

   Christian belief about, xv, xviii, 24, 67, 72

   gospel accounts of, 12, 70, 72–73, 74, 86–87, 89, 255

   in Gospel of Peter, 82

   historical explanation of, 49, 69–71, 74, 80

   historical parallels with, 66

   Jesus movement’s view of, 12, 47, 69, 74, 78, 81, 83, 89, 262

   nonsupernatural explanations for, 70

   Paul’s testimony about, 49, 63–64, 71, 81, 84, 87–88

   Paul’s understanding of, 11–12, 47, 59–63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 81, 88, 114–15, 120–21, 158

   and Q source, 73

   theological shift about, 86–87, 88

   see also Christ; Jesus, empty tomb of; Jesus, sightings of; resurrection

Jesus, the Final Days (Evans and Wright), 251

Jesus Dynasty, The (Tabor), 80, 242

Jesus movement:

   alternative name for, 246

   apocalyptic nature of, 25, 40–41, 43, 46, 136, 157, 160, 209, 247

   apostleship in, 217

   council of Seventy in, 36, 224

   demise of, 222–26

   general beliefs of, 223

   historical reconstruction of, 9

   James’ leadership of, 19, 23, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34–37, 151, 209, 214, 225, 247

   Judaism in, 6, 25, 28, 40–41, 43, 151, 175, 176, 184, 209, 212, 213–14, 223, 224

   marginalization of, 7, 8, 9, 24, 31–32, 156, 222

   Paul’s break with, 175, 178, 180, 202, 210–22

   Paul’s independence from, 2, 6, 9, 19–20, 33–34, 101, 129, 210

   Paul’s introduction to, 215

   Paul’s persecution of, 10, 17, 230, 232, 235

   and resurrection, 12, 47, 58–59, 69, 74, 78, 81, 83, 89, 262

   sacred meals in, 14

   tiered leadership of, 35–36, 209

   see also apostles; Christianity, before Paul

Jesus Quest, 264

Jews:

   apostles’ mission to, 102

   dispersion of, 40, 179, 180

   as Paul’s enemies, 8, 234

   Paul’s opinions about, 97, 98–99, 101, 104–5, 207, 262

   Paul’s preaching to, 184–85, 212, 213

   Peter’s mission to, 4

   second century martyrdom of, 57

   worldview of, 179, 261

   see also Judaism

Jezebel, 97

Job, 250

   3:11–19, 53

   14:10–12, 54

   19:23–27, 57

Joel, 2:32, 43

John, 23, 208

   in Jesus movement, 19, 27, 32, 35, 209, 245

   as John the Baptizer’s disciple, 136

   Judaism of, 25

   Luke’s emphasis on, 32

   Paul’s relationship to, 3, 19, 49, 212

   at transfiguration, 96

John, gospel of:

   1:1, 134

   1:14, 134

   1:35–41, 209

   1:35–42, 136

   1:42, 208

   1:44, 208

   2:12, 208

   3:22, 136

   6:52–56, 15

   6:62, 90

   11:43–44, 56

   13:1, 252

   18:28, 252

   19:14, 252

   19:41–42, 76

   19:41, 80, 251

   20:1–10, 79

   20:1, 76

   20:2, 79

   20:11–18, 81

   20:15, 251

   20:19, 75

   21:18–19, 262

   21, 74, 83, 85, 86

   chronology of, 74, 248, 249

   empty tomb story in, 78–80, 86, 88

   Jesus’ burial in, 75, 76, 80, 252

   Jesus sightings in, 74, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 252

   Last Supper in, 14–15, 147, 252

   Logos concept in, 134

   Paul’s influence on, 12, 15, 38–39

   resurrection account in, 12, 89, 90

John, letters of, 68, 265

John of Gischala, 233, 243, 265

John the Baptizer, 14, 25, 64–65, 135, 136–37, 139, 209, 217

Jonah, 2:2–6, 250

Joseph, 26

Joseph of Arimathea, 75, 76–77, 80, 252

Josephus, 5, 37, 52, 58, 59, 64, 66, 75, 97, 136, 243, 245, 246, 264, 265

Joses, 247

Judaism:

   apocalyptic movements in, 14, 65–66, 95, 157, 158, 209, 256

   atonement in, 43

   burial traditions in, 74–75, 76–77

   Christianity’s split from, xviii, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24, 31, 176–78, 182, 222, 261

   covenant of, 179, 180–81

   demonic forces in, 112

   dietary laws in, 151, 187, 188, 214

   ethical expectations of, 185, 186, 187

   flourishing of, 184

   foundation of, 92, 96

   Gentile conversions to, 33, 176, 177–78, 180, 181, 199–200, 210, 211, 214–15, 219, 261

   Jesus’ adherence to, 5, 15, 31, 43, 97, 149, 150, 151, 176, 184, 212

   in Jesus movement, 6, 25, 28, 40–41, 43, 151, 175, 176, 184, 209, 212, 213–14, 223, 224

   judgment in, 95, 179–80

   kingdom of God in, 13, 99, 122–23, 158

   messianic beliefs in, 5, 14, 31, 65–67, 99, 101–2, 117, 122–23, 149, 150, 158, 202, 243

   mysticism in, 93–94

   Paul’s abandonment of, 6, 16–17, 19–20, 33–34, 99, 107, 129, 175, 178, 179–84, 192, 202, 220–21, 223

   Paul’s practice of, 10, 176, 181, 230, 232, 235, 244

   prayer in, 142, 182

   resurrection in, 50, 52–55, 56–58, 59, 60, 65, 66–67, 249–50

   in Roman Empire, 31, 156, 184, 207, 222–23, 233, 247, 254

   sacred meals in, 14, 15

   self-definition of, 180–81

   sexuality in, 161, 162, 170, 187, 188

   tenets of, 179, 181

   Torah’s importance in, 96–97, 179, 180, 184, 215, 223

   variations of, 28, 58, 134, 179, 246

   water purification rituals in, 14, 136, 142, 257, 261

   see also Jews

Judas Iscariot, 32, 217, 253

Judas the Galilean, 243

Jude, 46, 68, 264

   6, 259

Judea, Jewish revolts in, 222, 247, 249

Judges, 13:20, 257

judgment:

   cosmic family and, 14, 125, 126, 127

   Jewish views on, 95, 179–80

   John the Baptizer’s expectation of, 136

   Paul’s understanding of, 13, 14, 16, 125, 126, 127, 187, 192