RUSSIA

A HISTORY

RUSSIA A HISTORY

Third Edition

EDITED BY

GREGORY L. FREEZE

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6DP

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Russia : a history / edited by Gregory L. Freeze.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978–0–19–956041–7 (pbk.)

1. Russia–History. 2. Soviet Union–History. 3. Russia (Federation)–History–1991

I. Freeze, Gregory L., 1945

DK40.R848 2009

947–dc22                2009026415

Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

Printed in Great Britain

on acid-free paper by

Clays Ltd., St Ives Plc

ISBN 978–0–19–956041–7

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

CONTENTS

List of Maps

List of Plates

Preface

List of Contributors

Glossary of Terms, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

Note on Transliteration and Dates

1.  FROM KIEV TO MUSCOVY: THE BEGINNINGS TO 1450

Janet Martin

2.  MUSCOVITE RUSSIA 1450–1598

Nancy Shields Kollmann

3.  FROM MUSCOVY TOWARDS ST PETERSBURG 1598–1689

Hans-Joachim Torke

4.  THE PETRINE ERA AND AFTER 1689–1740

John T. Alexander

5.  THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 1740–1801

Gary Marker

6.  PRE-REFORM RUSSIA 1801–1855

David L. Ransel

7.  REFORM AND COUNTER REFORM 1855–1890

Gregory L. Freeze

8.  REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA 1890–1914

Reginald E. Zelnik

9.  RUSSIA IN WAR AND REVOLUTION 1914–1921

Daniel T. Orlovsky

10. THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) AND THE REVOLUTIONARY EXPERIMENT 1921–1929

WIlliam B. Husband

11. BUILDING STALINISM 1929–1941

Lewis Siegelbaum

12. THE GREAT FATHERLAND WAR AND LATE STALINISM 1941–1953

William C. Fuller, Jr

13. FROM STALINISM TO STAGNATION: 1953–1985

Gregory L. Freeze

14. A MODERN ‘TIME OF TROUBLES’: FROM REFORM TO DISINTEGRATION 1985–1999

Gregory L. Freeze

15. REBUILDING RUSSIA

Gregory L. Freeze

Maps

Chronology

Further Reading

Photographic acknowledgements

Index

LIST OF MAPS

The Approach to Borodino

Territorial expansion and growth of the Russian Empire, 1260–1904

Kievan Russia, 1054–1238

Russia c.1396 and the rise of Moscow, 1300–1584

Europe at the time of Peter the Great

The provinces of European Russia

Russia, its Empire, and its neighbours in the 20th century

The Great Patriotic War

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1950

The USSR in 1991

LIST OF PLATES

1. 1169: Novgorod icon about victory in the struggle for Kievan succession

2. Kizhi wooden church from the fourteenth century

3. Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich 1645–76

4. 17th century: Engraving of peasants

5. Peter the Great

6. Catherine the Great

7. Religious procession in the 1870s, (Ilya Repin painting)

8. Nicholas II and family

9. Peasant elders c.1910

10. Petrograd demonstration in 1917

11. Antireligious campaign

12. Sculpture by Vera Mukhina, ‘The Worker and the Kolkhoz Woman’

13. Doctoring photographs

14. Ukrainian collective farmers handing a corn wreath to Nikita Khrushchev, 19 September 1963

15. Party Congress: Brezhnev, Podgnorny, Andropov, Kosygin

16. Reagan and Gorbachev at Geneva summit

17. Yeltsin after the defeat of the coup in August 1991

18. Putin and Medvedev (May day, 2008)

PREFACE