Russia

Russian Municipal Institutions—Unsuccessful Efforts to Create a

Tiers-etat—Merchants, Burghers, and Artisans—Town Council—A Rich

Merchant—His House—His Love of Ostentation—His Conception of

Aristocracy—Official Decorations—Ignorance and Dishonesty of the

Commercial Classes—Symptoms of Change.

CHAPTER XIII

CHAPTER XIII

THE PASTORAL TRIBES OF THE STEPPE

A Journey to the Steppe Region of the Southeast—The Volga—Town

and Province of Samara—Farther Eastward—Appearance of the

Villages—Characteristic Incident—Peasant Mendacity—Explanation of the

Phenomenon—I Awake in Asia—A Bashkir Aoul—Diner la Tartare—Kumyss—A

Bashkir Troubadour—Honest Mehemet Zian—Actual Economic Condition of

the Bashkirs Throws Light on a Well-known Philosophical Theory—Why

a Pastoral Race Adopts Agriculture—The Genuine Steppe—The

Kirghiz—Letter from Genghis Khan—The Kalmyks—Nogai Tartars—Struggle

between Nomadic Hordes and Agricultural Colonists.

CHAPTER XIV

CHAPTER XIV

THE MONGOL DOMINATION

The Conquest—Genghis Khan and his People—Creation and Rapid

Disintegration of the Mongol Empire—The Golden Horde—The Real

Character of the Mongol Domination—Religious Toleration—Mongol System

of Government—Grand Princes—The Princes of Moscow—Influence of the

Mongol Domination—Practical Importance of the Subject.

CHAPTER XV

CHAPTER XV

THE COSSACKS

Lawlessness on the Steppe—Slave-markets of the Crimea—The Military

Cordon and the Free Cossacks—The Zaporovian Commonwealth Compared with

Sparta and with the Mediaeval Military Orders—The Cossacks of the Don,

of the Volga, and of the Ural—Border Warfare—The Modern Cossacks—Land

Tenure among the Cossacks of the Don—The Transition from Pastoral to

Agriculture Life—"Universal Law" of Social Development—Communal versus

Private Property—Flogging as a Means of Land-registration.

CHAPTER XVI

CHAPTER XVI

FOREIGN COLONISTS ON THE STEPPE

The Steppe—Variety of Races, Languages, and Religions—The German

Colonists—In What Sense the Russians are an Imitative

People—The Mennonites—Climate and Arboriculture—Bulgarian

Colonists—Tartar-Speaking Greeks—Jewish

Agriculturists—Russification—A Circassian Scotchman—Numerical

Strength of the Foreign Element.

CHAPTER XVII

CHAPTER XVII

AMONG THE HERETICS

The Molokanye—My Method of Investigation—Alexandrof-Hai—An Unexpected

Theological Discussion—Doctrines and Ecclesiastical Organisation of

the Molokanye—Moral Supervision and Mutual Assistance—History of the

Sect—A False Prophet—Utilitarian Christianity—Classification of

the Fantastic Sects—The "Khlysti"—Policy of the Government towards