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Stalin

Стивен Коткин

Биографии и Мемуары18+

ALSO BY STEPHEN KOTKIN

Stalin:

Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928

Armageddon Averted:

The Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000

Magnetic Mountain:

Stalinism as a Civilization

Steeltown, USSR:

Soviet Society in the Gorbachev Era

Uncivil Society:

1989 and the Implosion of the Communist Establishment

PENGUIN PRESS

An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC

375 Hudson Street

New York, New York 10014

penguin.com

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Photograph credits appear here.

Kotkin, Stephen.

Stalin / Stephen Kotkin. volumes cm

Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: Volume I. Paradoxes of power, 1878–1928.

ISBN 9781594203794 (hardcover)

ISBN 9780143127864 (paperback)

Volume II. Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941.

ISBN 9781594203800 (hardcover) / ISBN 9780735224483 (e-book)

1. Stalin, Joseph, 1879–1953. 2. Stalin, Joseph, 1879–1953—Psychology. 3. Heads of state—Soviet Union—Biography. 4. Dictators—Soviet Union—Biography. 5. Soviet Union—Politics and government—1917–1936. 6. Soviet Union—Politics and government—1936–1953. 7. Political culture—Soviet Union—History. 8. Soviet Union—History—1925–1953. I. Title.

DK268.S8K65 2014

947.084”2092—dc23 [B]

2014032906

Maps by Jeffrey L. Ward

While the author has made every effort to provide accurate telephone numbers, internet addresses, and other contact information at the time of publication, neither the publisher nor the author assumes any responsibility for errors, or for changes that occur after publication. Further, publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party Web sites or their content.

Version_1

for Alex Levine and Joyce Howe

who, beginning with the rough patches in graduate school, held me together

Midway on life’s journey

I found myself in a dark wood,

for the straight path was lost.

DANTE ALIGHIERI,

The Divine Comedy, 1308–1321

It cannot be called virtue to kill one’s fellow citizens, betray one’s friends, be without faith, without pity, without religion; by these methods one may indeed gain power, but not glory.

NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI,

The Prince, 1513

CONTENTS

ALSO BY STEPHEN KOTKIN

TITLE PAGE

DEDICATION

EPIGRAPH

PREFACE

MAPS

PART I

EQUAL TO THE MYTH

CHAPTER 1 | Triumph of the Will