Столкновение цивилизаций

6. James Piscatori, «Religion and Realpolitik: Islamic Responses to the Gulf War», James Piscatori, ed., Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991), p. 1, 6–7. См. также Fatima Mernissi, Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley), p. 16–17.

7. Rami G. Khouri, «Collage of Comment: The Gulf War and the Mideast Peace; The Appeal of Saddam Hussein», New Perspectives Quarterly, 8 (Spring 1991), 56.

8. Ann Mosely Lesch, «Contrasting Reactions to the Persian Gulf Crisis: Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and the Palestinians», Middle East Journal, 45 (Winter 1991), p. 43; Time, 3 December 1990, p. 70; Kanan Makiya, Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising and the Arab World

(New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p. 242ff.

9. Eric Evans, «Arab Nationalism and the Persian Gulf War», Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review, 1 (February 1994), p. 28; Sari Nusselbeh, цит. по Time, 15 October 1990, p. 54–55.

10. Karin Haggag, «One Year After the Storm», Civil Society (Cairo), 5 (May 1992), 12.

11. Boston Globe, 19 February 1991, p. 7; Safar al-Hawali, цит. Mamoun Fandy, New York Times, 24 November 1990, p. 21; King Hussein, цит. David S. Landes, «Islam Dunk: the Wars of Muslim Resentment», New Republic

, 8 April 1991, p. 15–16; Fatima Mernissi, Islam and Democracy, p. 102.

12. Safar Al-Hawali, «Infidels, Without, and Within», New Perspectives Quarterly, 8 (Spring 1991), 51.

13. New York Times, 1 February 1991, p. A7; Economist, 2 February 1991, p. 32.

14. Washington Post, 29 January 1991, p. A10; 24 February 1991, p. B1; New York Times

, 20 October 1990, p. 4.

15. Цит. по Saturday Star (Johannesburg), 19 January 1991, p. 3; Economist, 26 January 1991, p. 31–33.

16. Sohail H. Hasmi, review of Mohammed Haikal, «Illusions of Triumph», Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review, 1 (February 1994), 107; F. Mernissi, Islam and Democracy, p. 102.

17. Shibley Telhami, «Arab Public Opinion and the Gulf War», Political Science Quarterly, 108 (Fall 1993), 451.

18. International Herald Tribune

, 28 June 1993, p. 10.

19. Roy Licklider, «The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–93», American Political Science Review, 89 (September 1995), 685, который определяет национально-религиозные войны как «войны идентичностей», и Samuel P. Huntington, «Civil Violence and the Process of Development», в Civil Violence and the International System (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Paper No. 83, December 1971), 12–14, который в качестве пяти главных характеристик национально-религиозных войн приводит высокую степень поляризации, идеологической двойственности, партикуляризм, значительный уровень насилия и продолжительный характер.

20. Эти оценки взяты из сообщений прессы и следующей работы: Ted Robert Gurr and Barbara Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), p. 160–165.

21. Richard H. Shultz, Jr. and William J. Olson, Ethnic and Religious Conflict: Emerging Threat to U. S. Security (Washington, D. C.: National Strategy Information Center), p. 17ff; H. D. S. Greenway, Boston Globe, 3 December 1992, p. 19.

22. Roy Licklider, «Settlements in Civil Wars», p. 685; T. R. Gurr and B. Harff, Ethnic Conflict, p. 11; Trent N. Thomas, «Global Assessment of Current and Future Trends in Ethnic and Religious Conflict», в Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. and Richard H. Shultz, Jr., eds., Ethnic Conflict and Regional Instability: Implications for U. S. Policy and Army Roles and Missions (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1994), p. 36.