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Title: The Historians' History of the World in Twenty-Five Volumes, Volume 08

       Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy

Author: Various

Editor: Henry Smith Williams

Release Date: October 17, 2020 [EBook #63489]

Language: English

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIANS' HISTORY OF THE WORLD, VOL 8 ***

Produced by David Edwards and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was

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Transcriber’s Note: As a result of editorial shortcomings in the original, some reference letters in the text don’t have matching entries in the reference-lists, and vice versa.

THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD

NÖLDEKE

THE HISTORIANS’

HISTORY

OF THE WORLD

A comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations

as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of

all ages: edited, with the assistance of a distinguished

board of advisers and contributors,

by

HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, LL.D.

IN TWENTY-FIVE VOLUMES

VOLUME VIII—PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS

THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACY

T^he Outlook Company

New York

T^he History Association

London

1904

Copyright, 1904,

By HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS.

All rights reserved.

Press of J. J. Little & Co.

New York, U. S. A.

Contributors, and Editorial Revisers.

Prof. Adolf Erman, University of Berlin.

Prof. Joseph Halévy, College of France.

Prof. Thomas K. Cheyne, Oxford University.

Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, University of Michigan.

Prof. David H. Müller, University of Vienna.

Prof. Alfred Rambaud, University of Paris.

Prof. Eduard Meyer, University of Berlin.

Dr. James T. Shotwell, Columbia University.

Prof. Theodor Nöldeke, University of Strasburg.

Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University.

Dr. Paul Brönnle, Royal Asiatic Society.

Dr. James Gairdner, C.B., London.

Prof. Ulrich von Wilamowitz Möllendorff, University of Berlin.

Prof. H. Marnali, University of Budapest.

Dr. G. W. Botsford, Columbia University.

Prof. Julius Wellhausen, University of Göttingen.

Prof. Franz R. von Krones, University of Graz.

Prof. Wilhelm Soltau, Zabern University.

Prof. R. W. Rogers, Drew Theological Seminary.

Prof. A. Vambéry, University of Budapest.

Prof. Otto Hirschfeld, University of Berlin.

Baron Bernardo di San Severino Quaranta, London.

Prof. F. York Powell, Oxford University.

Dr. John P. Peters, New York.

Dr. S. Rappoport, School of Oriental Languages, Paris.

Prof. Hermann Diels, University of Berlin.

Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford University.

Prof. I. Goldziher, University of Vienna.

Prof. W. L. Fleming, University of West Virginia.

Prof. R. Koser, University of Berlin.

CONTENTS

VOLUME VIII

PART XII. PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS

PAGE

Introductory Essay. The Scope and Influence of Arabic History.

By Dr. Theodor Nöldeke

1

History in Outline of Parthians, Sassanids, and Arabs

(250

B.C.

-1375

A.D.

)

25

CHAPTER I

The Parthian Empire

(250

B.C.

-228

A.D.

)

47

Justin’s account of the Parthians,

47

. Their customs,

48

. Seleucus and Arsaces,

49

. Wars with Rome,

51

. Modern accounts of Parthia,

53

. The Parthian empire,

53

. Arsaces and the Arsacids,

54

. Bactria and Parthia consolidate,

55

. Conquests of Mithridates,

57

. Media and Babylonia conquered,

58

. Parthian “kingdoms,”

59

. Scythian conquest of Bactria,

60

. The Scythians ravage Parthia,

61

. First conflict with Rome,

62

. Orodes defeats the Romans,

63

. Plutarch’s account of the battle of Carrhæ,

63

. Phraates IV repels Mark Antony,

68

. Anarchy in Parthia,

70

. The Romans intervene,

72

. The decay of Parthian greatness,

74

. Persia conquers Parthia,

75

.

CHAPTER II

The Empire of the Sassanids

(228-750

A.D.

)

76

Sassanian power,

77

. Sapor fights Rome,

78

. The war with Palmyra,

79

. A new war with Rome,

81

. Ardashir II to Bahram IV,

82

. The rule of Yezdegerd I,

83

. The Arabs aid in war with Rome,

84

. War with the Hephthalites,

85

. Kavadh I,

86

. New conflict with Rome,

86

. Exploits of Mundhir,

87

. Chosroes the Just,

88

. Chosroes attacks Rome,

88

. Hormuzd IV,

91

. Civil war,

91

. Vices of Chosroes II,

93

. Conflict with Heraclius; fall of Chosroes II,

94

. Successors of Chosroes II,

95

. Anarchy and chaos,

96

. Arab incursions,

97

. Arab conquest,

98

.

CHAPTER III

Early History of the Arabs

(

ca.

2500

B.C.

-622

A.D.

)

100

Arab history before Mohammed,

105

.

CHAPTER IV

Mohammed

(570-632

A.D.

)

111

Mohammed ben Abdallah ben Abdul-Muttalib,

111

. Religious unrest,

111

. Mohammed’s life,

113

. His marriage with Khadija,

113

. Mohammed as a prophet,

115

. Mohammed an outlaw,

116