The Invention of Nature

Goethe Morphologie 1987: Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Schriften zur Morphologie

Goethe Natural Science 1989: Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Schriften zur Allgemeinen Naturlehre, Geologie und Mineralogie, ed. Wolf von Engelhardt and Manfred Wenzel

Goethe’s Day 1982–96: Goethes Leben von Tag zu Tag: Eine Dokumentarische Chronik, ed. Robert Steiger

Goethe’s Year 1994: Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Tag- und Jahreshefte, ed. Irmtraut Schmid

Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002: Ernst Haeckel–Wilhelm Bölsche. Briefwechsel 1887–1919, ed. Rosemarie Nöthlich

Madison Papers SS: The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, ed. David B. Mattern et al.

Muir Journal 1867–8, JM online: John Muir, Manuscript Journal ‘The “thousand mile walk” from Kentucky to Florida and Cuba, September 1867–February 1868’, MHT

Muir Journal ‘Sierra’, summer 1869 (1887), MHT: John Muir, Manuscript ‘Sierra Journal’, vol.1: summer 1869, notebook, circa 1887, MHT

Muir Journal ‘Sierra’, summer 1869 (1910), MHT: John Muir, ‘Sierra Journal’, vol.1: summer 1869, typescript, circa 1910, MHT

Muir Journal ‘World Tour’, pt.1, 1903, JM online: John Muir, Manuscript Journal, ‘World Tour’, pt.1, June–July 1903, MHT

Schiller and Goethe 1856: Briefwechsel zwischen Schiller und Goethe in den Jahren 1794–1805

Schiller Letters 1943–2003: Schillers Werke: Nationalausgabe. Briefwechsel, ed. Julius Petersen and Gerhard Fricke

Thoreau Correspondence 1958: The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau, ed. Walter Harding and Carl Bode

Thoreau Excursion and Poems 1906: The Writings of Henry David Thoreau: Excursion and Poems

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Thoreau Journal 1981–2002: The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau: Journal, ed. Robert Sattelmeyer et al.

Thoreau Walden 1910: Walden

TJ Papers RS: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series, ed. Jeff Looney et al.

WH CH Letters 1910–16: Wilhelm und Caroline von Humboldt in ihren Briefen, ed. Familie von Humboldt

Prologue

1

Description AH Chimborazo climb: AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880, p.48; AH, About an Attempt to Climb to the Top of Chimborazo, Kutzinski 2012, pp.135–55; AH, 23 June 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, pp.100–109.

2

signs of organic life disappeared: AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880, p.49.

3

‘trapped inside an air’: AH, About an Attempt to Climb to the Top of Chimborazo, Kutzinski 2012, p.143.

4

a ‘magnificent sight’: Ibid., p.142.

5

size of crevasse: AH gave different measurements: for example, 400 feet deep and 60 feet wide in ibid., p.142.

6

AH measured altitude: 5917.16m – AH, 23 June 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.106.

7

AH and Napoleon: Ralph Waldo Emerson to John F. Heath, 4 August 1842, Emerson 1939, vol.3, p.77.

8

‘half an American’: Rossiter Raymond, 14 May 1859, AH Letters USA 2004, p.572.

9

‘a Cartesian vortex’: AH to Karl August Varnhagen, 31 July 1854, Humboldt Varnhagen Letters 1860, p.235.

10

‘three things at’: AH, quoted in Leitzmann 1936, p.210.

11

‘love of nature’: Arnold Henry Guyot, 2 June 1859, Humboldt Commemorations,

Journal of the American Geographical and Statistical Society

, vol.1, no.8, October 1859, p.242; Rachel Carson’s

The Sense of Wonder

, 1965.

12

nature and feeling: AH to Goethe, 3 January 1810, Goethe Humboldt Letters 1909, p.305.

13

‘run through the’: Matthias Jacob Schleiden, 14 September 1869, Jahn 2004.

14

‘whose eyes are natural’: Ralph Waldo Emerson, notes for Humboldt speech on 14 September 1869, Emerson 1960–92, vol.16, p.160.

15

‘In this great chain’: AH Geography 2009, p.79; AH Geography 1807, p.39.

16

climate change: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.140ff.; AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.216.

17

ecological functions of forest: AH, September 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.140; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.126–7; AH Views 2014, p.83; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.158; AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.477.

18

‘future generations’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.143.

19

‘one of the greatest’: Thomas Jefferson to Carlo de Vidua, 6 August 1825, AH Letters USA 2004, p.171.

20

‘nothing ever stimulated’: Darwin to Alfred Russel Wallace, 22 September 1865, Darwin Correspondence, vol.13, p.238.

21