The Invention of Nature

Ernst Ludwig I, King of Hanover

Essay on the Geography of Plants (AH): publication, 10.1, 10.2; frontispiece and dedication to Goethe, 10.3; Spanish translation, 12.1; and shifting of tectonic plates, 15.1

Evelyn, John: Sylva

evolution: Darwin’s theory of, prl.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1; AH propounds, 10.1, 17.3; Haeckel supports, 22.1

Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria

Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 12.1, 12.2

finches (birds): on Galapagos Islands, 17.1, 17.2

FitzRoy, Captain Robert: as captain of Beagle, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5; qualities and moods, 17.6; on Darwin’s enthusiasm, 17.7

Floyd, John B.

Fontane, Theodor

Forest Reserves Act (USA, 1891), 21.1

forests: in ecosystem, 4.1, 16.1, 21.1; see also deforestation; rainforest

Forster, Georg

Fox, William Darwin

Fragmens de géologie et de climatologie asiatiques (AH), 16.1, 17.1

France: revolution and wars, 1.1, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1; equality in, 8.2; sells North American territory to USA, 8.3, 12.1; military defeats, 11.1; monarchy restored under Louis XVIII and Charles X, 14.1

Francia, José Gaspar Rodríguez de

Frankfurt am Main: National Assembly (1849)

Frankfurt an der Oder, 1.1, 10.1

Franklin, Benjamin, 1.1, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1

Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 1.1, 1.2, 10.1

Freiberg: mining academy

French Revolution (1789), 1.1, 8.1, 9.1

Fried, Erich

Friedrich Wilhelm II, King of Prussia, 1.1, 10.1

Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia: awards pension and court appointment to AH, 10.1, 14.1; character, 10.2; neutrality in Napoleonic Wars, 10.3; and Prussian peace mission to Paris (1807), 10.4; AH accompanies to London (1814), 13.1; finances AH’s expedition to Asia, 14.2; urges AH to return to Berlin, 14.3; AH joins court, 14.4; death, 18.1

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, 18.1, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4

Gaia theory

Galapagos Islands, 17.1, 17.2

Gallatin, Albert, 8.1, 14.1, 14.2

Gallé, Émile

Galvani, Luigi, 1.1, 2.1; see also animal electricity

García Márquez, Gabriel: The General in his Labyrinth

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

Gaudí, Antoni

Gauß, Carl Friedrich, 14.1, 15.1, 20.1

Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1

Geognostical Essay on the Superposition of Rocks (AH)

Géographe (ship)

geomagnetism, 7.1, 16.1, 18.1

George, Prince Regent (later King George IV), 14.1, 14.2

German Association of Naturalists and Physicians, n

Germany: federation and reforms, 15.1; demands for unification, 20.1, 20.2; national colours, 20.3; industrial power, 22.1

glaciers and glaciation

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: appearance, 2.1; praises AH, prl.1, bm1.1; AH meets in Jena, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5; affair and child with Christiane Vulpius, 2.6; pictured, 2.7, 2.8; qual-ities and lifestyle, 2.9; scientific interests and theories, 2.10, 2.11; and urform, 2.12, 17.1, 19.1; admires Kant, 2.13; on self and nature, 2.14, 2.15; on unity of art and science, 2.16; and AH in South America, 5.1; and AH’s interest in volcanoes, 6.1; on AH’s return to Paris, 9.1; letter from AH in Berlin, 10.1; AH’s Essay on the Geography of Plants dedicated to, 10.2, on AH’s nature and travel writing, 10.3, 11.1; and AH’s frustration in writing, 11.2; and AH’s restlessness, 11.3; and effect of AH’s lectures on women, 15.1; AH renews friendship with, 15.2; as Neptunist on creation of Earth, 15.3; and AH’s Cosmos, 18.1; death, 18.2; sketches Schiller’s Garden House, 22.1; Elective Affinities, 2.17, 10.4; Faust, 2.18, 13.1, 13.2, 18.3, 22.2; Hermann and Dorothea, 2.19; The Metamorphosis of Plants (essay and poem), 2.20, 2.21; The Sorrows of Young Werther, 2.22, 4.1

Göttingen university

Gould, John

Grant, Ulysses S.

Gray, Asa

Gray, Vincent

Great Western

(steamship)

Guayaquil (Ecuador)

Haeckel, Anna (née Sethe), 22.1, 22.2, 22.3; death, 22.4, 22.5

Haeckel, Ernst: in Italy, 22.1, 22.2; learns of AH’s death, 22.3, 22.4; scientific interests and influence, 22.5, 22.6; appearance, 22.7; background and career, 22.8; racial theories, 22.9; idolizes AH, 22.10, 22.11; studies radiolarians, 22.12; marriage, 22.13; and Anna’s death, 22.14, 22.15; champions Darwin, 22.16; ecological thinking, 22.17; travels, 22.18, 22.19; meets Darwin, 22.20; remarries, 22.21; influence on Art Nouveau, 22.22; builds and decorates Villa Medusa, 22.23; ideas and beliefs, 22.24; Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (General Morphology of Organisms), 22.25; Kunstformen der Natur (Art Forms in Nature; series), 22.26, 22.27; Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria), 22.28; Welträthsel (The Riddle of the Universe), 22.29

Haiti

Halle (Prussia): university

Hardenberg, Karl August von

Hawthorne, Nathaniel