The Mammoth Book of Space Exploration and Disasters

In a sense we have been here before. In the 1960s NASA built a spaceplane called the X15 that broke its own speed record repeatedly and almost killed Neil Armstrong before being grounded in the shadow of the giant ballistic missiles that became the preferred method of slipping Earth’s surly bonds in both the US and the Soviet Union. But that was a government effort. The race now being run is to put the first non-government astronauts in space, and we flight geeks know all about the other entrants. They are scattered across America, Russia, Australia and even Britain, competing for the X Prize, a $10 million wad being offered by a St Louis consortium to the maker of the first private reusable spacecraft.

They are tinkering with old German V2 designs, high-altitude balloons and sleek space taxis that look magnificent on paper. But they are mostly dreamers, which is what makes Rutan’s effort so remarkable. The signs are that he will actually pull this off. He recently chose a rocket-engine supplier after letting two rivals duke it out for a year with cheap, simple and apparently revolutionary designs that literally burn rubber. He has also won certification from the Federal Aviation Administration for Mojave’s remote municipal airport to double as a spaceport. Rutan’s spaceship is fetchingly called SpaceShipOne – and if it goes where it is meant to, it could be as history making as the Mayflower. Its first brush with the cosmos will be the moment decisions about the shape, size, use, risk and ultimate destination of manned spacecraft are yanked from politicians, bureaucrats and taxpayers and taken on by tycoons, visionaries and egomaniacs. A coalition of the ultra-cautious will give way to a rabble of the driven.

The comparison Rutan likes to make is not with a 17th-century boat but with the age of magnificent men in flying machines (c 1908–12) “when the world went from a total of ten pilots to hundreds of airplane types and thousands of pilots in 39 countries”. Either way, he sees his mission in grand terms.

And why not? He has an unmatched record of building and testing experimental aircraft without the loss of a single life: 23 different planes over a period of 21 years, including the Voyager, which circumnavigated the globe without refuelling in 1986.

He also has “the customer”. This is the man paying for SpaceShipOne. At least, we think he is a man, and we think he is Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft who no longer works there and instead spends his time investing in an eclectic and often blatantly fun array of West Coast projects, ranging from Steven Spielberg’s Dreamworks studio to the resuscitation of the Portland Trailblazers, a pro basketball team. But this is only a rumour. Rutan’s people only ever refer to the customer as “the customer”, rather as if he were Ernst Stavro Blofeld and they were building Moonraker.

Eventually the customer will take delivery and bounce around near the edge of space until he gets bored. Or, like many wealthy people, he may just like to watch.

There will be carping. Cynics have noted that none of the X Prize entrants offers the prospect of orbital spaceflight and few could be used to launch even the smallest satellites. Initially the only commercial use would be for joyrides for the ultra-rich, and even these could end in tragedy. “This is dangerous stuff,” the X Prize’s organiser said last month. “People might die.”

Rutan admits that his goal is not to push back the frontiers of science or make billions by mining asteroids, but only to inspire. That vague, that simple. If NASA had admitted as much about the Shuttle, the loss of two crews might not have seemed such a tragic waste. As it is, the people who put Armstrong on the Moon are out of the hero business. It has been privatised.

Hubble: the Next Generation Space Telescope

NASA has extended Hubble’s operations until 2010, but a successor may be launched as early as 2008. This will be the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST).

Scientists using NGST hope to discover and understand even more about our fascinating universe, such as:

• the formation of the first stars and galaxies;

• the evolution of galaxies and the production of elements by stars;

• the process of star and planet formation.