The Rise of Athens

concoction of poison hemlock See Bloch, who argues that Plato’s description of the effects of poisoning by poison hemlock is accurate.

“ ‘Really, my friends, what kind of behavior’ ” Plato Phaedo 117d–118a.

a repentant demos Diog Laer 2 5 43, Themist 20 239C.

“King Artaxerxes believes it to be just” Xen Hell 5 1 31.

“in the most shameful and lawless way” Plut Age 23 1.

“was not considered to be a man” Xen Hell 5 2 28.

Gorgias, a one-man traveling university See Plato Gorg.

Plato has Socrates foretell Plato Phaed 278e–279a.

“Who would desire a state of affairs” Isoc 4 115–17.

“And so far has our city distanced” Ibid., 4 50.

“compel the Spartans” IG 2² 43.

membership rose to about seventy Diod 15 30 2.

It was the winter of 379 The conspiracy is described in detail in Xen Hell 5 4 2–12, Plut Pel 8–12, and Plut Moral De genio Socratis 25–34.

a Spartan called Sphodrias Sphodrias may have been bribed by the Thebans, a neat device for winning Athens over to their cause.

He asked Epaminondas Plut Age 28 1–2.

an allied army of ten thousand hoplites Plut Pel 20 1.

of about six thousand men Bury, p. 593.

“It is now possible to take vengeance” Xen Hell 6 4 19–20.

“they ordered the women not to cry out” Ibid., 6 4 16.

“Where are the Spartans now?” Plut Sayings Spartans 23.

a well-fortified capital city, Messene Paus 4 27 5–9.

The bones of Aristomenes

Ibid., 4 32 3.

22. CHAERONEA—“FATAL TO LIBERTY”

Plutarch’s lives of Demosthenes and Alexander the Great, speeches of Demosthenes and Aeschines, Diodorus Siculus, book 16, and Justin are the main sources.

Chaeronea—“Fatal to Liberty” John Milton, “To the Lady Margaret Ley,” Sonnet 10, line 7.

“I turned to Athens” Isoc 5 129.

“is so intelligent a general” Xen Hell 6 1 15.

“foremost of our race” Isoc Letters 1 7.

“Men of good counsel” Ibid., 9 14.

“I have chosen to challenge you” Isoc 5 128.

“gardens of Midas” Herod 8 138 2.

He would rather not accept favors Arist Rhet 2 23 8.

the usurper sent some distinguished hostages Diod 16 2 2–3.

the roving eye of Pelopidas Dio Chrys 49 5.

Sacred Band, whose self-discipline Plut Amat 761b.

helpless chicks in a nest Xen Hell 7 5 10.

“In that case” Plut Mor 194c.

“the people, discouraged by their experiences” Aes 3 251.

major new building works Camp, pp. 144–60.

a young admirer had himself locked up Luc 15.

“a complete end to war” Xen Por 5 9.

One of its best admirals was killed Chabrias. He spent most of his career in the 380s and 370s before Leuctra fighting the Spartans.

the city had spent 1,000 talents

Isoc 7 9.

“the noble cause” Plut Age 36 2.

“Everyone crowded round to catch a glimpse” Ibid., 36 4–5.

“If I have accomplished any glorious act” Plut Sayings Spartan Agesilaus.

“sound judgment in his personal life” Plato Prot 318e–319a.

“it soon showed the preceding government” Plato Ep 7 324b–d.

opened a school of philosophy The Academy remained in being until its destruction in war in the first century B.C. It was revived as a center for Neoplatonism in the fifth century A.D. and was finally closed down by the Byzantine emperor Justinian in A.D. 529.

who paid him memorial honors FGrH 115 F 294.

“The safest general characterization” Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality (New York: The Free Press, 1978), p. 39.

“Aristotle kicked against me” Diog Laer 5 1 2.

Hermeias conspired with Philip Dem 10 32.

“I have done nothing unworthy of philosophy” FGrH 124 F2.

an ode in Hermeias’s memory Ath 15 51g.