Западноевропейское искусство от Хогарта до Сальвадора Дали

2. In the first half of the eighteenth century nature was beginning to be swallowed up by the expanding cities of the Industrial Revolution.

3. Discoloured varnish darkened the Old Masters.

4. Constable often visited Italy, Belgium, Holland and Spain.

5. The Hay Wain was highly praised at the Salon of 1834.

6. In 1829 Constable became member of the Royal Academy.

II. How well have you read? Can you answer the following questions?

1. What was the mainstream of English painting in the first half of the nineteenth century? What was the attitude of Constable and Turner to nature?

2. What did Constable honour? What did he love and admire?

3. What did Constable start to record as early as 1802? Why? What do Constable's studies show? What tours did Constable make?

4. What does The Hay Wain sum up? What does this picture show? What is the major element of the picture? How has Constable depicted the clouds, the stream and the trees? How were the white highlights called? What did Constable set in motion?

5. Was Constable happy in later life? Why?

6. What was one of Constable's late pictures? What is represented in this work of art? What brings to the finished painting the immediacy of the colour sketch?

III. i. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:

the poetic landscape; the brown tonality; oil sketches made outdoors; a surrender to the forces of nature; self-identification with sunlight and wind; to make sketching tours; regions of scenic beauty; preliminary outdoor studies; patches of light; free brushwork; to set in motion; a flexible steel palette knife; a finished painting; a colour sketch.

ii. Give English equivalents of the following phrases:

законченная картина; цветной набросок; гибкий стальной шпатель; подчиниться силам природы; пятна света; эскизы маслом, написанные на пленэре; подвижные мазки; богатство цвета; олицетворение с солнечным светом и ветром; живописные места; романтический пейзаж; коричневый тон; ездить по стране и писать этюды.

iii. Make up sentences of your own with the given phrases.

iv. Arrange the following in the pairs of synonyms:

a) triumphant; dapple; preliminary; highlight; hue; ripple;

b) mark; preparatory; victorious; tone; accent; wave.

IV. Here are descriptions of some of Constable's works of art. Match them up to the titles given below.

1. The painting shows the Stour with its trees, a mill, and distant fields.

2. The distant church tower, the wagon, the horses, and the boy looking over the gate are instruments on which light plays.

a. Stroke-by-Nayland

b. The Hay Wain

V. Translate the text into English.

Новое отношение к природе воплотил в своем творчестве Джон Констебл. Констебл никогда не покидал Англию. Он изучал только ту живопись, которую мог видеть на родине. Констебл один из первых стал писать этюды на пленэре, опередив в непосредственности впечатления художников французской школы. Важным нововведением Констебля явились его большие эскизы маслом. Констебл писал смелыми подвижными мазками.

Картины Констебля на парижских выставках 1824 и 1825 гг. явились истинным откровением для французских романтиков. Новаторская живопись Констебля оказала большое влияние на развитие французского пейзажа XIX века.

VI. Summarize the text.

VII. Topics for discussion.

1. Constable's style and colour.

2. Constable's artistic influence.

Unit VIII Turner (1775-1851)

Joseph Mallord William Turner was a Londoner. He had no mystical attachment to nature. He made frequent trips throughout the Continent, especially Germany, Switzerland and Italy, revelling in mountain landscapes, gorgeous cities (especially Venice), and the most extreme effects of storms, fires and sunsets. Once he even had himself tied to a mast during a storm at sea so that he could experience the full force of the wind, waves, and clouds swirling about him. Turner made beautiful and accurate colour notes on the spot in water-colour, and painted his pictures in the studio, in secrecy, living under an assumed name and accepting no pupils. He was the first to abandon pale brown in favour of white, against which his brilliant colour effects could sing with perfect clarity.