A people's tragedy

Bolshevik Party, Bolsheviks, Bolshevism (Communist Party, Communists, Communism), 13, 152, 190, 199-200, 209–10, 232, 245, 291, 292, 294, 297, 301, 325, 369, 370, 380, 388, 392, 393–4, 396, 397, 421, 425–7, 427–8, 430, 433, 441, 448, 455, 457, 469–73 passim, 475–7, 480–500 passim, 507, 508, 509, 511, 524, 537, 538–51 passim, 557, 565, 579, 592–603 passim, 610–27 passim, 627–49 passim, 650, 653, 659, 663–4, 667, 668, 669, 682–96, 709, 710, 712, 713, 714, 721–32 passim, 733, 743, 754, 757, 758, 761, 762, 780, 790, 812, 813; All-Russian Conference (March 1917), 388; All-Russian Conference (April 1917), 393, 394; anti-peasant attitudes, 110, 616–17, 788–9, 813; ban on factions, 765; cancelled party conference (October 1917), 470; and charge of being German agents, 385, 432–3, 435; and corruption, 682–5, 693–6; and export of revolution, 538, 539, 541–2, 550, 700–4; factional divisions, 392–3, 423, 469–71, 476–7, 499, 538–40, 543–4, 550, 592–4, 614, 695, 731–2, 741, 807; and Mensheviks, 151–4, 198, 210, 388; and military cult, 595, 602–3, 722–3; Military Organization, 396, 422–4, 455, 475, 476; Organizational Bureau (Orgburo), 687, 693, 794–5, 796, 797, 807; Politburo, 593n, 649, 667, 669n, 686, 715, 749, 766, 794, 795, 796, 797, 799, 802, 803, 806; political culture of rank and file, 393, 592, 593, 691–3, 813–14; prison experience, 124–5, 646; puritanical attitudes, 116-17; and Russian nationalism, 296–7, 699, 706–7, 710–11, 798; Sixth Party Conference, 456, 457; size of party membership, 180n, 297, 301, 393, 457, 610, 690, 691, 694; in Soviets, 458–9, 460–1, 489, 684–7; Special Party Conference (September 1920), 732; triumvirate, 795, 796; underground culture, 117, 120–1, 153, 504–5; Vyborg Committee, 388, 397, 423, 625; and war against the market, 614, 618, 622–3, 770, 771–2; and war on privilege, 521–2, 524–5, 525–7, 528–9, 533; ALL-RUSSIAN PARTY CONGRESSES: Eighth, 594; Ninth, 731, 764–5; Tenth, 758, 764–7, 770

Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir, 370, 628n, 693

Borotbist Party, Ukraine, 706, 707–8

Breshko-Breshkovskaya, Ekaterina, 456, 578, 584

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (peace talks: 1918), 468, 540–8, 549–50, 573, 576, 616, 625, 626n, 632, 637n

Briansk, 49, 610

Britain, British, 418, 479, 573–4, 575, 594, 636 and n, 651, 671, 675, 679, 701, 702, 704, 711, 712, 713, 715, 719

Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 74

Brusilov (film), 282

Brusilov, Alexei (son), 697

Brusilov, Boris, 645n

Brusilov, General Alexei, xiii, 59–61, 70, 226, 249, 251, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 262, 266–7, 268, 270, 274, 286, 289, 303, 342, 374, 378, 379–80, 413, 414, 443, 479, 549–50, 560, 606, 609, 641, 695, 696n, 698, 810, 816–18, 820; appointed General-Adjutant by Nicholas II, 259–60; attitudes to revolution, 289, 342, 378, 379–80, 406–7, 479, 549, 560, 816–17; Chairman of Special Conference in command of Western Front, 699 and n; C-in-C of Kerensky’s army, 59, 378, 406–8, 415–18; commander of Eighth Army, 254, 255; death and funeral (1926), 720, 817–18; dismissed as C-in-C, 442, 444; favours modernization of army, 59–61; imprisoned in Lubianka by Cheka, 549, 644–5; joins Red Army (1920), 59, 70, 591, 696–7, 698–9, 716; offensive against Austrians (1916), 279–82; refuses to join Whites, 549, 560, 696, 720; Russian nationalism, 70, 249, 374, 696–9, 716, 816–17; works in Archives office of Red Army, 606; works for People’s Commissariat of Agriculture and Chief Inspectorate of Cavalry, 817

Brusilova, Nadehzda, 253, 255, 266–7, 268, 270, 280, 303, 378, 529, 549, 606, 609, 644–5, 695, 696, 817, 818

Buchanan, George, 350, 445, 488

Buchanan, Meriel, 5, 24

Budberg, Baron Alexei, 654, 655, 586

Budberg, Moura, Baroness Benckendorff, 607

Budenny, Marshal Semen, 670, 817, 818

Bukharin, Nikolai, 291–2, 294, 297, 385, 391, 469, 535, 539, 543–4, 546, 547, 550, 627, 647, 649, 697, 745, 766, 800, 801, 806, 818, 821, 822; and Left Communists 547, 550; and NEP, 769, 770, 792, 807, 814, 815; Trotsky’s friendship with, 292, 296

Bulgakov, Mikhail: The Heart of a Dog, 733n; The White Guard, 555, 556, 706

Bulgakov, Sergei, 208

Bullitt, William, 574n

Bulygin, A. G., 186, 187

Bund, Jewish, 82, 141n, 152, 325

Bunin, Ivan Alexeievich: The Village, 88

Bureaucracy, IMPERIAL: 7, 8, 22, 23, 35–42, 45, 52, 53, 56; counter-reforms of Alexander III, 41–2, 45–6, 52–3, 54; police, 45, 46, 123–4, 227; provincial, 44–7; social background of, 35–7, 39; reformist ideas of, 39–41, 226; SOVIET: 500, 501, 687–90; opposition to October insurrection, 500–1, 504

Buzuluk, 777

Bykhov Monastery, 453, 541, 556, 558, 563

Cannibalism, 777–8

Capri school for Russian workers (1909), 735, 736

Catherine the Great, Empress, 27, 217, 277, 327

Caucasus, 12, 59, 76, 103, 567, 571, 664, 711–16, 753, 757

Chagall, Marc, 736, 739, 740, 749

Chaikovsky, N. V., 136, 412, 652n

Chapaev, V. I., 264, 583

Chayanov, A. V., 105n, 779