A people's tragedy

Cheka, 510 and n, 512, 525, 527, 528, 534–5, 549, 607, 622–3, 626, 627, 629, 630, 631–2, 633, 635, 640, 641–7, 648, 649, 677, 684, 685, 696 and n, 697, 745, 746, 760, 763, 769, 774, 779, 785, 795, 813, 820; in Left SR uprising, 633–5; renamed GPU, 795; torture used by, 645–7. See also KGB; Red Terror

Chekhov, Anton, 43–4, 47, 50, 51, 159–60; The Cherry Orchard, 47–8; The Criminal, 101; Peasants, 88; The Three Sisters, 44

Cheliabinsk, 577, 654, 753

Cheremukhin, brigade leader, 619, 752

Chernigov, 49, 106, 520

Chernov, Viktor, 20, 21, 161, 180, 323, 364, 383, 420, 429–30, 438, 441, 443, 460, 464, 469, 502, 510, 516, 578, 586, 588n; Delo naroda, 390–1

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 122, 129, 131, 145, 146, 733; The Contemporary, 129; What Is to Be Done?, 123 and n, 130–1, 150, 389

Chicherin, Boris, 40, 126

Chicherin, G. V., 548

Chkheidze, Nikolai, 288, 323, 324, 325, 326, 334, 337, 425, 430, 431–2, 459

Chukovsky, Kornei, 606, 784–5

Church, Russian Orthodox, 14, 28–9, 33, 41, 61–9, 74, 160 and n, 227, 246, 247, 248, 277, 349–50, 755; and Bolsheviks, 745–9; place in tsarist system, 35, 61–4, 69; position of clergy, 63, 67–8; reform movement in, 68; and religious toleration, 68, 69, 227; rural influence, 65–8; urban influence, 64–5

Churchill, Winston, 544 and n

Civil war, 384, 453, 499, 502, 549, 551, 557–8, 562–7, 575, 576–8, 580–1, 583–4, 590, 592, 593, 594, 595, 597, 598, 602–3, 613–14, 615–16, 622, 626, 627, 639, 649, 652–82 passim, 683, 700, 704, 723, 761; Denikin’s offensive and advance on Moscow, 660–70; Kolchak’s offensive, 652–60; Yudenich’s offensive against Petrograd, 670–5, 681; Wrangel’s campaign, 716–20

Classes: see Social structure

Clergy: see Church

Co-operatives, 612, 789–90

Collective and state farms, collectivization, 729–30, 789, 793

Comintern, 550, 701, 769

Committee for the Salvation of Russia and the Revolution, 497, 502

Committee for Struggle Against the Counter-Revolution, Soviet, 452, 455, 480

Committees of the Rural Poor (kombedy), 620–1

Communist Party, Communists, Communism: see Bolshevik Party

Congress of the Peoples of the East (Baku: 1920), 703–4

Constantinople, 247, 249, 380, 680, 712, 719

Constituent Assembly, 82n, 217, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 366, 371, 373, 375, 376, 377, 420, 455, 465, 467, 468, 501, 502, 512, 529, 536n, 550, 568, 570, 576, 578, 580, 581, 585, 588 and n, 616, 625, 672, 759, 761, 811, 812; closure of, 513–17, 518, 519; elections to, 507–9

Constitutional Democratic Party: see Kadet Party

Cossacks, 58, 103, 167, 177, 184, 189, 199, 201, 269, 308, 309, 310, 311, 315, 411, 413, 428, 436, 439, 440, 441, 442, 453, 486, 487, 497, 498, 502, 564, 568, 570, 583, 586, 651, 653, 655, 657, 658, 659, 660–1, 662, 663, 666, 675, 676, 678–9, 710, 719; Don, 556–7, 561–2, 565–6, 567, 570, 571, 575, 670, 679, 710, 753; Kuban, 567, 570–1, 664, 675, 753

Council of Labour and Defence (STO), 688

Courland, 542, 548

Crane, Charles, 650, 651–2

Crimea, 16, 54, 217, 293n, 526, 573, 679, 680, 716–20

Crimean War, 39, 54, 56, 57, 58, 267

Crowds in revolution, 176, 178, 317; composition of, 308, 309, 319–21, 492–4, 495–6; self-organization, 318–19; and violence, 188–9, 321–2, 328, 494–5

Custine, Marquis de, 71, 123

Czech Legion, 576–8, 580, 581, 584, 639, 642n

Czechoslovakia, Czechs, 566, 576, 584, 586, 590, 594, 626, 659, 702, 817

Dan, Fedor, 211n, 323, 431, 457, 478, 482, 510, 645, 667, 759

Dan, Lydia, 125 and n, 140, 149, 151, 153, 161–2

Dashnaktsutiun, 712, 713

Deaths: in revolution and civil war, xi, 605, 649, 679, 773–4

Decembrists, 119, 122, 123, 126, 149

Declaration of the Rights of the Working People, 513, 516, 517, 529

Decree on Land, 685

Decree on Nationalization, 626

Decree on Peace, 536–7, 538

Decree on the Separation of Church and State (1918), 528, 745

Decree on the Socialist Fatherland in Danger!, 547

Decree on Workers’ Control, 611, 623

Democratic Centralists, 731–2, 764, 799

Democratic Conference (1917), 455, 466–7, 469, 470, 477

Denike, George, 190, 392

Denikin, General Anton, 81, 266, 444, 453, 520–1, 558, 564, 565, 566–8, 569, 571, 572, 573, 575, 586, 587, 588, 598, 619, 639, 652, 654, 656, 657, 660–70, 674, 675, 676, 677, 679–80, 681, 697, 707, 716, 717, 718, 719, 721, 812; Moscow Directive issued by, 662–3, 679, 680

Deurbanization, 609–10

Dmitry Pavlovich, Grand Duke, 289–91

Dogger Bank Inquiry, 170

Don region, 556, 557, 558, 559, 561–3, 565–7, 596, 660, 662, 666, 719, 753, 769, 776. See also Cossacks

Donbass region, 660, 661, 665, 757

Dostoevsky, Fedor, 7n, 66, 87, 449; The Brothers Karamazov, 28; Diary of a Writer, 87; The Little Hero, 123; Poor Folk, 130; The Possessed, 133 and n, 390

Dragomirov, General Mikhail, 170, 568, 664, 678

Dukhonin, General Nikolai, 541, 558