At the same time many people still fear that global population growth will overwhelm the capacity of economies, and destroy the global ecosystem. Since Thomas Robert Malthus many economists believed that the growing number of people would make land increasingly scarce, and the rising food prices would leave the growing population starve.
The reality showed that those fears were poorly grounded. Cultivated land has become less important as the agricultural productivity has been boosted by fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, new seed varieties, irrigation, mechanical draft power, and education. In its turn this made food prices fall, and the production per capita rise, quite contrary to the predictions of the former economists.
Hunger and malnutrition still exist in many parts of the world, but they result more from poverty and uneven income distribution than from population growth.
To convert population into labour force certain investments into human capital are supposed to be made. Education, good up-bringing, expenditures of medical and health care are also capital, as they raise earnings, improve health, and add to a person\'s quality of life over much of his lifetime. Therefore, economists consider expenditures on education, training, medical care, and so on as investments in human capital. Studies show that high school and college education greatly raise a person\'s income, and this is true for hundred countries with different cultures and economic systems.
Economic growth of a country depends closely on the amount of investments into human capital, and large increases in education and training have to a great extend accounted for the outstanding economic records of Japan, Taiwan, and other Asian economies in recent decades.
Слова и выражения:
abortion
– аборт, абортированиеban
– запрет; запрещатьbillion
–birthrate
– уровень рождаемостиboost
– увеличивать, подниматьcontraception
– использование противозачаточных средств; противозачаточные средстваcontribute
– вносить, добавлять, привноситьconvert
– преобразовыватьcultivate
– культивировать, обрабатывать, окультуриватьdecade
– десятилетиеdouble
– двойной; удваиватьearnings
– заработкиecosystem
– экосистемаexpectancy
– ожидание (fertility
– плодородиеfertilizer
– удобрениеinduce
– вводить, внедрять, побуждатьinsecticide
– инсектицидirrigation
– ирригацияmalnutrition
– недоедание, недокормmedian
– средний, срединный, среднеарифметическийoutstanding
– выдающийсяoverwhelm
– переполнять, поглощать, овладеватьpesticide
– пестицидpopulation
– населениеpoverty
– бедностьprediction
– предсказаниеrapid
– быстрыйrespectively
– соответственноscarce
– недостаточный, скудныйstarve
– голодать, умирать с голодуsubstantially
– существенным образомtendency
– тенденцияuneven
– неровныйlabour force
– рабочая силаkey point
– ключевой пунктage distribution
– показатели возрастной статистикиlife expectancies
– прогноз средней продолжительности жизни; средняя продолжительность жизниper woman
– на (одну) женщинуpopulation aging
– старение народонаселенияclose to the end
– близко к концуpoorly grounded
– плохо обоснованныйseed variety
– разнообразие семян; разновидность, сорт семянdraft power
– тягловая силаper capita
–contrary to
– в противоположность (чему-либо)result from
– проистекать из; быть результатомhuman capital
– человеческий капиталup-bringing
– воспитаниеexpenditures
– расходыhealth care
– здравоохранение; забота о здоровьеquality оf life
– качество жизниto a great extend
– в значительной степени