God's War: A New History of the Crusades

13. Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay, The History of the Albigensian Crusade, trans. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge 1998), p. 58, and pp. 57–9 for the events at Zara in general; Peter was Abbot Guy’s nephew.

14. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 54.

15. For the term, Villehardouin, Conquête, ed. Faral, p. 200; Robert of Clari, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. P. Lauer (Paris 1924), p. 81; Andrea, Sources, pp. 188, 213. For clarifying thoughts and discussion of this and related points on the structure of the army, I am indebted to a paper by Jonathan Riley-Smith given in Oxford in January 2004.

16. Villehardouin, Conquête, ed. Faral, p. 100.

17. Villehardouin, Conquête, ed. Faral, pp. 148–52.

18. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, p. 78.

19. Robert of Clari, Conquête, p. 16.

20. PL, 214, cols. 1,123–5; Andrea, Sources, pp. 35–9.

21. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 50.

22. For useful surveys, Angold, Byzantine Empire and Fourth Crusade; Magdalino, Empire of Manuel I Comnenus; J. Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades (London 2003).

23

. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 99.

24. Nicetas, p. 296.

25. As in C. Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West (Cambridge, Mass. 1968); but cf. more nuanced views, e.g. A. M. Bryer’s in D. Baker (ed.), Relations between East and West in the Middle Ages (Edinburgh 1973).

26. Quoted in Angold, Byzantine Empire, p. 150.

27. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (London 1872–84), v, 284–7.

28. Nicetas, pp. 323–4.

29. Andrea, Sources, pp. 163–8.

30. PL, 214, cols. 130 et seq., chap. 82; cols. 1,123–5; Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 44–5.

31. See note 30.

32. See his correspondence, Andrea, Sources, pp. 35–98.

33. Andrea, Sources, p. 188.

34. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 90–91.

35. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 52; Robert of Clari, Conquête

, p. 40.

36. Devastatio Constantinopolitana, Andrea, Sources, p. 216.

37. Andrea, Sources, pp. 46–59.

38. Andrea, Sources, p. 48.

39. Andrea, Sources, pp. 62–3.

40. For the disputes at Corfu, Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 54–6; Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 58–9, 66; Andrea, Sources, pp. 188 et seq., 216 et seq., 250.

41. Nicetas, p. 297; Andrea, Sources, p. 254.

42. Andrea, Sources, p. 255.

43. The phrase in Innocent III’s in his letter of November 1202, above, notes 20 and 30.

44. Andrea, Sources, p. 199.

45. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 67.

46. Nicetas, p. 301.

47

. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 74–5.

48. Robert of Clari, Conquest p. 81, who has 36,000 marks as the debt against Villehardouin’s possibly more informed 34,000, p. 43.

49. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 76–7.

50. Villehardouin, Conquête, ed. Faral, p. 200.

51. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 77.

52. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 78; Hugh of St Pol, Andrea, Sources, pp. 199–201.

53. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 78–9; Robert of Clari, Conquest pp. 81–2; Devastatio Constantinopolitana, Andrea, Sources, p. 218; Nicetas, p. 304.

54. Nicetas, pp. 302–4.

55. Nicetas, p. 305.

56. Nicetas, pp. 304–6; Villehardouin, Conquest pp. 81–3; Robert of Clari, Conquest

p. 82.

57. Nicetas, pp. 306–12, p. 309 for the murder; Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 83–6; Andrea, Sources, p. 105, for the lurid details in Baldwin of Flanders’s circular after his election as emperor.

58. Anonymous of Soissons, writing before 1207 with material from Bishop Nivelo, Andrea, Sources, p. 234.

59. Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, i, 445; Andrea, Sources, pp. 140–44; Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 88; Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 91–2.

60. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 84–5; Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum, xxii, cols. 231–3.

61. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 94.

62. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 91–5; Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 99–102; Nicetas, pp. 314–25; Nicholas Mesarites in Brand, Byzantium, p. 269; Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 106–13; Andrea, Sources, pp. 100–112, 221, 235–7, 255, 261–3; Chronicle of Novgorod, pp. 309–10.

63. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, p. 107, perhaps special pleading to exonerate his abbot of guilt by association; a usefully calm discussion is by Angold, Fourth Crusade, pp. 111–13 and refs.