Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

79. Lindberg, Op. cit., page 138.

80. Reynolds and Wilson, Op. cit., page 33.

81. William H. C. Frend, The Archaeology of Early Christianity, London: Geoffrey Chapman/Cassell, 1996, pages 34–36, which discusses early codices.

82. Reynolds and Wilson, Op. cit., page 35.

83. J. M. Ross, introduction to: Cicero, The Nature of the Gods, London: Penguin Books, 1972, page 7.

84. Ibid., page 59.

85. R. H. Barrow, The Romans, London: Penguin Books, 1949/61, page 156.

86. Ibid., page 165.

87. Cicero, Selected Works, London: Penguin Books, 1960/71, Introduction by J. M. Ross, page 11.

88. Ibid., page 12.

89. Ibid., page 25.

90. Virgil, The Aeneid, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986/98, introduction by Jasper Griffin, page xvii. Boorstin, Op. cit., pages 145f, says it took Virgil eleven years to compose the Aeneid.

91. Lindberg, Op. cit., page 125.

92. Ibid

., page 126.

93. Ibid.

94. Ibid., page 129. See Bernal, Op. cit., pages 222–223 for a brief overview and the fact that Galen was translated fully into English only in 1952.

95. Lindberg, Op. cit., page 130.

96. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 295.

97. Ibid., page 292.

98. Boorstin, Op. cit., page 63.

99. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 245.

100. Ibid., page 288.

101. W. G. De Burgh, The Legacy of the Ancient World, Op. cit., page 256.

102. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 290. Pasiteles and his workshop, for example, specialised in pastiches – statues which, for instance, combined the head from one Greek original with the posture of another.

103. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

, London, 1788, chapter 3. I have used the Dell version, published in New York in 1963.

CHAPTER 10: PAGANS AND CHRISTIANS, MEDITERRANEAN AND GERMANIC TRADITIONS

1. Ferrill, Op. cit., page 12.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid., page 15.

4. Ibid., page 17.

5. Turner, The Great Cultural Traditions, Op. cit., page 270.

6. Ibid., pages 270ff. Bauer, Op. cit., page 57, discusses a ‘Gospel of the Hebrews’.

7. Turner, Op. cit., page 273.

8. Ibid., pages 275–276.

9. Ibid., page 278. This embarrassing fact may also explain why the gospel of Mark transfers the responsibility for Jesus’ execution from Pontius Pilate to the Jewish leaders. Ibid. Some modern scholars believe that Brandon exaggerates the meaning of the term ‘zealot’ – that they were more bandits than full-scale revolutionaries.

10. Ibid., page 279. Moynahan, Op. cit

., page 36, considers the four brothers of Jesus.

11. Freeman, Op. cit., page 108.

12. Rowland, Op. cit., page 195.

13. Turner, Op. cit., page 280.

14. Rowland, Op. cit., page 216. See Moynahan, Op. cit., pages 23ff, for Paul’s conversion and the importance of Antioch in early Christianity.

15. Turner, Op. cit., page 317.

16. Ibid., page 318.

17. Rowland, Op. cit., pages 220ff.

18. Turner, Op. cit., page 374.

19. Ibid., page 375. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 26 for the details.

20. Freeman, Op. cit., page 121.

21. Ibid., page 119.

22. Prudence Jones and Nigel Pennick, A History of Pagan Europe, London: Routledge, 1995, page 53.

23. Armstrong, A History of God

, Op. cit., page 109.

24. Ibid., page 110.

25. Jones and Pennick, Op. cit., page 55.

26. Ibid., page 57.

27. Ibid., page 58.

28. Lane Fox, Op. cit., pages 168ff; Moynahan, Op. cit., page 29, for the links between Stoicism and Christianity.

29. Lane Fox, Op. cit., page 94.

30. Ibid., page 30, but see Chapter 25 of this book.

31. Ibid., page 299.

32. Another idea, not exactly anathema to pagans, but seen by them as irrational, was that of angels. These divine presences had apparently been conceived in late Judaism (among the Essene sects at Qumran, who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls, for example), and Paul had made much of them on his travels. They appeared at times of crisis, to help believers, and so the early years of the church were especially favourable circumstances.

33. See Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians, London and New York: Viking, 1986, chapter 9, pages 419ff, for the violence of this time.

34. Jones and Pennick, Op. cit., page 62. Bauer, Op. cit., pages 24f.

35. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians, Op. cit., page 567.

36. Turner, Op. cit., page 377. See Moynahan, Op. cit., pages 70ff, for the different tortures used on martyrs and the different ways they devised for being crucified.