Jerusalem: The Biography

22 Cyrus and the Persians: A. T. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire (henceforth Olmstead) 34–66. Farrokh 37–51. Lane Fox, Unauthorized Version 269–71. M. J. W. Leith, ‘Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period’, in Oxford History 287–9. E. Stern, ‘Province of Yehud: Vision and Reality’ in Lee I. Levine (ed.) Jerusalem Cathedra (henceforth Cathedra) 1.9–21. Cogan, Oxford History 274. Mythical stories of Cyrus and his rise: Herodotus, Histories 84–96. Holland, Persian Fire

8–22. On Cyrus Cylinder: BM 92. Cyrus and President Truman: Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East 501. Return: Isaiah 44.21–8, 45.1 and 52.1–2. Ezra 1.1–11 and 3–4. Josephus, ‘Against Apion’ 1.154. Leith, Oxford History 276–302. First mention of Jew: Esther 2.5. Archaeological Park 138.

23 Darius the Great: Ezra 4–6. Haggai 1–2. Zechariah 1.7–6.15. Isaiah 9.2–7. Olmstead, 86–93, 107–18, 135–43; Zerubabbel/Darius possibly in Jerusalem 136–144. The description of Darius is based closely on that of Olmstead 117. Mythical stories of Darius’ rise/the mare’s vagina: Herodotus 229–42. Farrokh 52–74. Lane Fox, Unauthorized Version 78–85 and 271. Leith, Oxford History 303–5. Holland, Persian Fire 20–62. Joseph Patrich, ‘538 BCE–70 CE: The Temple (Beyt ha-Miqdash) and its Mount’, in Sacred Esplanade

37–73. Miles, Ancient Worlds 115–19.

24 Nehemiah 1–4, 6–7, 13. Archeological Park 137. Leith, Oxford History 276–311. Lane Fox, Unauthorized Version 85 and 277–81. JA 11.159–82.

25 Fall of Darius III and rise of Alexander: Olmstead 486–508. Farrokh 96–111. JA 11.304–46. Schäfer 5–7. Gunther Holbl, History of the Ptolemaic Empire (henceforth Holbl) 10–46. Maurice Sartre, The Middle East under Rome (henceforth Sartre) 5–6, 20.

26 Ptolemy Soter and Wars of Successors: JA 2. Josephus, ‘Against Apion’ 1.183–92. Ptolemies, style, festival in 274, Wilkinson, Egypt 469–30. Miles, Ancient Worlds

158–70. Adrian Goldsworthy, Antony and Cleopatra (henceforth Goldsworthy) 37–41. On Aristeas: Goodman 117–19, quoting Aristeas. For full text see Aristeas, Letter of Aristeas. Schäfer 7–18 including Agatharchides on Ptolemy taking Jerusalem. Cathedra 1.21. Ptolemy II/Aristeas: Holbl 191. Patrich, Sacred Esplanade 37–73.

27 Simon the Just: Ecclesiasticus 50.1–14 and 4. JA 12.2 and 12.154–236. Tobiads: C. C. Ji, ‘A New Look at the Tobiads in Iraq al-Amir’, Liber Annuus 48 (1998) 417–40. M. Stern, ‘Social and Political Realignments in Herodian Judinea’, in Cathedra 2.40–5. Leith, Oxford History 290–1. Schäfer 17–23. Holbl 35–71. Edwyn Bevan, House of Seleucus

2.168–9. Patrich, Sacred Esplanade 37–73.

28 Antiochus the Great and the Seleucids: Bevan, Seleucus 1.300–18 and 2.32–3 and 51–94. Holbl 127–43 and 136–8. JA 3 and 12.129–54. Seleucid court/dress/army: Bevan, Seleucus 2.269–92. Schäfer 29–39. New Greek Jerusalem: 2 Maccabees 3.1–4.12.

29 Ecclesiasticus 50. Schäfer 32–4. Henri Daniel-Rops, Daily Life in Palestine at the Time of Christ – theocracy 53–5; city life 95–7; punishments 175–8. Sabbath: de Vaux – sacrifices/holocaust 415–7; Sabbath 3482–3; festivals 468–500; high priest 397. Patrich, Sacred Esplanade 37–73.

30 Antiochus IV Epiphanes: 1 Maccabees 1, 1 Maccabees 4. Jason/Menelaos/ Antiochus: 2 Maccabees 1 and 2 Maccabees 4–6, 2 Maccabees 8.7. JA 12.237–65. Antiochus enters temple: 2 Maccabees 5.15. Debauchery in the Temple: 2 Maccabees 6.2. Character: Polybius, Histories 31 and 331; festival 31.3. On Antiochus/festival: Diodorus, Library of History 31.16. This account closely follows Bevan, Seleucus 2.126–61; character 128–32; God manifest 154; death 161. Schäfer 34–47. Sartre 26–8. Building the gymnasium: 2 Maccabees 4.12. Religious edicts: 1 Maccabees 1.34–57, 2 Maccabees 6.6–11. Abomination: Daniel 11.31, 12.11. Schäfer 32–44. Holbl 190. Shanks 112–15; face on coins: silver tetradrachm in Shanks 113. Sartre 9–14. Martyrs and atrocities: 2 Maccabees 6. Greek culture: Goodman 110. Crucifixion: JA 12.256.