Leningrad

2 Rimma Neratova, quoted in Lisa Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments, p. 34.

3 An NKVD report of 1 July 1943 states that 80 per cent of convictions to date for counter-revolutionary crimes took place in the first year of the war. Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, doc. 195, p. 453.

4 See Irina Reznikova (Flige), ‘Repressii v period blokady Leningrada’, Vestnik ‘Memoriala’ 4/5 (10/11), 1995, pp. 95–7; NKVD reports of 6 November and mid-December 1941, in Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, docs 51 and 58, pp. 232, 259.

5 NKVD report of 1 October 1942. Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, doc. 190, p. 441.

6 Military prosecutor’s report, 1 July 1943, ibid., doc. 195, pp. 257–9.

7 Dmitri Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir, pp. 235, 295.

8 Orlando Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia, pp. 445–6.

9 ‘Blokadniy dnevnik uchitelya Vinokurova A. I.’, in Stanislav Bernev and Sergei Chernov, eds, Arkhiv Bolshogo Doma: blokadniye dnevniki i dokumenty, pp. 236–90.

10 Aleksandr Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik, p. 38 (31 December 1941). Anna Akhmatova’s nickname for the Big House was the ‘Royal Court of Wonderland’.

11 Reznikova (Flige), ‘Repressii’, p. 103. There is also memoir evidence of cannibalism in the Kresty: in a commemorative brochure published to mark the 100th anniversary of the prison’s foundation, a siege survivor describes seeing a group of fifteen to twenty inmates sitting in a courtyard openly eating corpse meat (Richard Bidlack, ‘Survival Strategies in Leningrad’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds, The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union, p. 107).

12 Report by the Leningrad Statistical Service, 5 May 1944, in Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade

, doc. 156, p. 349. Deaths in prison dropped slowly through the rest of 1942, before peaking again, at 815, in January 1943.

13 Petition from the Corrective-Labour Camps and Columns Directorate of the NKVD to State Defence Committee Emissary D. V. Pavlov, 31 December 1941, in Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 175, p. 413.

14 Ivan Zhilinsky, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik (osen 1941 — vesna 1942 g.)’, Voprosy istorii, 5–6, 1996, pp. 3–7 (16 January 1942).

Part 4. Waiting for Liberation: January 1942–January 1942

Chapter 18: Meat Wood

1 Winston Churchill, The Second World War

, pp. 465, 467.

2 Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed., Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–44, pp. 200, 220 (12–13 and 17–18 January 1941). Notes to Pages 313–321

3 Fritz Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv: MSG 2/4034-4038 (5, 14, 16 January and 1 February 1942).

4 Antony Beevor and Lyuba Vinogradova, eds, A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941–45 (September 1941); Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1939–45, p. 167.

5 Dmitri Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, p. 88.

6 On desertion, see Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada

, vol. 2, doc. 11, p. 40. On food theft and embezzlement among NKVD troops see orders of 1 February, 22 April and 16 July 1942. RGVA: Fond 32912, op. 1, delo 78, pp. 10, 39, 85. A report of 21 February complains that delivery drivers stop at villages en route, where they ‘behave improperly, get drunk and supply female acquaintances with food’. (RGVA: Fond 32904, op. 1, delo 80, p. 8.)

7 ‘Dnevnik krasnoarmeitsa Putyakova S. F’, in Stanislav Bernev and Sergei Chernov, eds, Arkhiv Bolshogo Doma: blokadniye dnevniki i dokumenty, p. 382 (29 December 1941).

8 NKVD report to Zhdanov, 22 December 1941, in Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, doc. 59, p. 261.

9 Vasili Churkin, http://militera.lib.ru (20 November 1941).

10 See for example Yelena Skrjabina, Siege and Survival: The Odyssey of a Leningrader, p. 55 (18 January 1942).

11 Vasili Yershov, untitled typescript, Research Program on the USSR, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, pp. 40–41.

12 Ibid., pp. 66—7.

13 Stavka directive, 10 January 1942; David Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941–44, pp. 149—50.