Russia. A History

W. L. Blackwell, The Beginnings of Russian Industrialization, 1800–1860 (Princeton, NJ, 1968), on obstacles and achievements of economic growth in pre-reform era.

R. Friedman, Masculinity, Autocracy, and the Russian University, 1804–1863 (New York, 2005), considers how university studies shaped the sexual and political identity of Russian males.

J. M. Hartley, Alexander I (London, 1994), informed, readable survey.

A. von Haxthausen, Studies on the Interior of Russia (Chicago, IL, 1972), highly influential German analysis of Russian society in the 1840s.

S. L. Hoch, Serfdom and Social Control in Russia

(Chicago, IL, 1986), case study of a serf estate in Tambov province.

W. B. Lincoln, In the Vanguard of Reform (De Kalb, Ill., 1982), on the Nicholaevan pre-reforms and the officials who laid the groundwork for the Great Reforms.

———Nicholas I, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias (De Kalb, Ill., 1989), positive, revisionist assessment of the emperor, with clear summary of state policy.

M. Malia, Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism, 1812–1855 (New York, 1971), brilliant intellectual history of both the age and the progenitor of Russian agrarian socialist thought.

A. M. Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries: Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I (DeKalb, Ill., 1997), on political thought in the wake of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era.

D. Moon, Russian Peasants and Tsarist Legislation on the Eve of Reform

(Houndmills, 1992), on the serf question and stability in the pre-reform era.

M. Raeff, Michael Speransky (The Hague, 1957), political biography within the context of Russia’s institutional development in the early nineteenth century.

J. Randolph, The House in the Garden: The Bakunin Family and the Romance of Russian Idealism (Ithaca, NY, 2007), microhistory of the Bakunin family suggesting a linkage between the personal and ideological.

M. Stanislawski, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews (Philadelphia, PA, 1983), informative study of Jewish policy based on published sources.

E. K. Wirtschafter, From Serf to Russian Soldier (Princeton, NJ, 1990), on the social conditions of lower ranks in pre-reform era.

7. REFORM AND COUNTER-REFORM, 1855–1890

N. Breyfogle, Heretics and Colonizers: Forging Russia’s Empire in the South Caucasus (Ithaca, NY, 2005), on the role of Russian sectarians in colonizing the south Caucasus between the 1830s and 1890s.

D. R. Brower, The Russian City between Tradition and Modernity, 1850–1900 (Berkeley, CA, 1990), excellent synthesis of urban history in post-reform era.

B. Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools (Berkeley, CA, 1986), on the peasant role in shaping the content of elementary education.

———and J. Bushnell (eds.), Russia’s Great Reforms, 1855–1881

(Bloomington, Ind., 1994), important collection of essays on individual great reforms.

C. Ely, This Meager Nature: Landscape and National Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, Ill., 2002), stimulating study of the role of nineteenth-century Russian painting and literature in making landscape an integral part of national identity.

T. E. Emmons and W. Vucinich (eds.), Russia: An Experiment in Local Self-Government (Cambridge, 1982), on the composition and role of the zemstvo in the post-reform era.

D. Field, The End of Serfdom (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), classic monograph on noble and state interaction in shaping the terms of emancipation.

———Rebels in the Name of the Tsar (Boston, MA, 1989), penetrating analysis of two major peasant disorders in 1860s and 1870s.

G. L. Freeze, The Parish Clergy in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Princeton, NJ, 1983), study of church reform (goals, politics, problems) within the larger context of social and political change.

C. Johanson, Women’s Struggle for Higher Education in Russia, 1855–1900 (Kingston, 1987), on the problem of female access to higher education.