The End: The Defiance and Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1944–1945

Hungarian 123, 262

Jews 123, 184, 185–6, 214, 230, 231–4, 328, 332–3, 335; deaths from disease 329–30

Polish 117, 123, 214; in Warsaw 93

Red Army 175, 252

see also execution

Celle 160, 299, 349

Chelmno death camp 214

Chemnitz 297

Cherbourg 54–5, 58

Chernyakhovsky, General Ivan 168, 173

Chuikov, General Vasily 174

Churchill, Sir Winston 7, 246, 296

on unconditional surrender, Allied demand for 387

civil defence 135, 162–3

civilian population

Allied bombing, effect on 121, 124, 125, 126, 142–3, 146, 148–52, 273, 275–6, 320–21

casualties see casualty figures

death marches, reaction to 333, 334–6

evacuation of see evacuation, of civilians

execution of 52, 224–5, 328; numbers of 225; for showing a white flag 323, 326

food supplies see food/water supplies

German Army, their hostility towards 261, 262

Hitler, allegiance to 11, 12, 13, 17–18, 20, 30–33, 51, 52, 71, 72–3, 150, 154–5, 192, 383–4; decline in 13–14, 18, 61, 65, 74, 101, 105, 122, 126–7, 150–51, 153, 154–5, 186, 191–2, 208, 212, 259, 260–61, 273–4, 291–2, 315, 317; reaction to his death 349–50, 355; see also Nazi regime below

living conditions see living conditions

in local militia see militia units

militarization of 392–3

morale see morale

Nazi Party’s control of 83–4, 88, 91, 96, 98, 105–6, 142, 145–6, 162–3, 180, 206, 207–8, 392–3; see also administrative systems

Nazi regime, support for 9, 10, 73–4, 207–8, 209, 210, 212–13, 239–40, 258–60, 261, 273–6; decline in 64–5, 68, 101, 104, 105, 107, 126–7, 150–51, 163, 190, 193–4, 195, 209, 213–14, 215–22, 258, 261, 312–13, 315; post-capitulation attitudes to 380–82; see also Hitler above

Red Army, their fear of 11, 12, 18, 91, 98–100, 105, 107, 108, 112–14, 117–18, 119, 120–22, 164–5, 177–84, 223–4, 270, 271, 273, 313, 324, 245, 349, 355, 356–8; see also Soviet Union below

Red Army’s treatment of 176–86; labour camps, deportation to 181

Soviet Union, fear/hatred of 70, 98–9, 120, 121–2, 222–3, 256, 271–2, 282, 306, 310, 349, 351, 362, 368, 372, 385; see also Red Army above

suicide among 177, 213, 215; post-April 1945 356–8

victims, post-capitulation view of themselves as 380–84

white flags displayed by 261, 262, 278, 314, 315, 323, 324, 325, 367; execution for 323, 326

women see women

coal supplies 80, 135, 137–9, 140, 141, 143, 205, 235, 244, 254, 275, 285, 344

see also power supplies

Coburg 297

Colmar 254

Cologne 59, 143, 227, 228

Allied bombing 148–9, 152, 235

armed insurrection 149, 228

fall of 254, 258, 318–19

communists/communism 70, 84, 227, 306, 317, 333, 344

see also Soviet Union

concentration camps 84, 123, 125, 228–35

death marches from/evacuation of see death marches

executions in 328, 329, 332–3; numbers of 332, 333, 335; German public reaction to 333, 334–6; see also numbers killed below

German demolition of 123, 228, 232

German public reaction to 333, 334–6; post-capitulation 380

guards 328, 329, 331–2, 333, 334; from SS 228, 229, 230, 332, 333–4

Himmler’s control of 119, 228, 229, 329, 330, 331; attempts to barter Jewish inmates for cash 229–30

in the ‘last phase’ 328, 329–36

liberation of 172, 230, 329, 330; German plan to liquidate inmates prior to 229, 230, 329–30

numbers of inmates 184, 228, 231, 232, 233, 234, 329, 330, 337

numbers killed 214, 231, 232, 233–4, 332, 333, 335; death from disease 329–30

in Poland 214

slave labour from 82, 83, 229–31

Swedish attempts to negotiate prisoner release 283, 284

typhus in 329, 330

women in 228

see also individual camps; Jews

Cottbus 324

courts martial 205, 211, 219–20, 252, 328, 390

summary (flying) (Standgerichte) 224–5, 243, 263, 326–7, 343, 360–61, 390–91

see also legal system

Coventry, German bombing of 236

Croatia 368

Czechoslovakia (former) see Bohemia

d’Alquen, Standartenführer Gunter 210

d’Alquen, SS-Haupsturmführer Rolf 210

Dachau concentration camp 328, 330, 333

Dankwort, Werner (German deputy ambassador in Stockholm) 282–3

Danube river 170, 300, 301, 316–17

Danzig 96, 115, 151, 179, 234, 259

Forster as Gauleiter 245

Red Army capture of 183

refugees in 183

Dargel, Paul 111

D-Day see Allied invasion

death marches 184–6, 229, 230–35, 296, 329, 330–36, 392

Gardelegen massacre during (April 1945) 333

deaths/executions during 184, 185–6, 230, 231–4, 332–3; numbers killed 332, 333, 335

see also concentration camps

Demmin 357–8

Denmark 299, 319, 338

German occupation 366–7

Dethleffsen, Major-General Erich, his memoirs 381–2

Deutscher Volkssturm see Volkssturm

Devers, General Jacob 131

Dietrich, Otto 115

Dietrich, SS Colonel-General Sepp 132, 133, 140, 155–6, 170, 252–3, 284

Dinant 160

disease 125, 184

typhus, in concentration camps 329, 330

von Dohnanyi, Hans 328

Dönitz, Grand-Admiral Karl 39, 94, 169, 264–5, 271, 306–7

character 352–3, 354, 376, 399–400

on defence of Berlin 339

Hitler and 204, 205, 300, 306, 307, 338, 350–51, 352–4, 399–400; as his named successor 346; see also next main entry

as Navy C-in-C 39, 48, 169, 204, 264, 265, 306, 308, 395