The Future Is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia

Peredovaia, "RSFSR," Pravda 31 (February 1, 1936), cited in Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939 (Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 2001), p. 452.

Peredovaia, "Privet izbrannikam velikogo naroda!" Literaturnaya gazeta, no. 3 (January 15, 1937), cited in Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, p. 455.

1936 Constitution of the USSR, http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/cnst1936.htm, accessed January 3, 2016.

1977 Constitution of the USSR, http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/cnst1977.htm#iii, accessed January 3, 2016.

1978 Constitution of the RSFSR, http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr- rsfsr/1978/red_1978/5478721/, accessed January 3, 2016.

A. A. Yakovlev, ed., Aleksandr Yakovlev, Perestroika: 1985-1991:

Dokumenty (Moscow: Mezhdunarodny fond "Demokratiya," 2008), p. 165.

Ibid., p. 166.

Thomas de Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War (New York and London: New York University Press, 2003).

Kotkin, Armageddon Averted.

Yakovlev, Aleksandr Yakovlev, Perestroika, pp. 321-351.

"Vystupleniye na pervom syezde narodnykh deputatov SSSR," in Andrei Sakharov, Mir, progress, prava cheloveka (Leningrad: Sovetskiy pisatel, 1990), pp. 111-116.

M. R. Zezina et al., Chelovekperemen: Issledovaniye politicheskoy biografii B. N. Yeltsina (Moscow: Novy khronograf, 2011).

Yakovlev, Aleksandr Yakovlev, Perestroika, pp. 361-362.

Ibid., p. 381.

Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century (New York: Collier Books, 1990).

Plokhy, The Last Empire,

p. 38.

Yakovlev, Aleksandr Yakovlev, Perestroika, pp. 602-605.

Soobsheniye Tsentral'noy komissii referenduma SSSR Ob itogakh referenduma SSSR, sostoyavshegosya 17 marta 1991 goda,

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Yakovlev, Aleksandr Yakovlev, Perestroika, pp. 620-634.

A. A. Yakovlev, ed., Aleksandr Yakovlev, Izbranniye intervyu: 1992-2005 (Moscow: Mezhdunarodny fond "Demokratiya," 2009), p. 382.

Yakovlev, Aleksandr Yakovlev, Perestroika, pp. 659-681.

Yakovlev, Aleksandr Yakovlev, Izbranniye intervyu, p. 37.

Yakovlev, Aleksandr Yakovlev, Perestroika, p. 823.

Ibid., p. 689.

Ibid., pp. 690-695, 824.

Zakon SSSR ot 20.05.91 no. 2177-1, http://www.lawrussia.ru/texts/legal_178/doc17a990x543.htm.In fact, the exit-visa requirement would not be phased out fully until 1993: "Vyyekhat' za rubezh poka ne legche, chem ran'she," Kommersant, January 11, 1993, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7029, accessed January 8, 2016.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qB16clLmN4; both accessed January 11, 2016.

Yakovlev, Aleksandr Yakovlev, Perestroika, p. 695.

Vadim Bakatin, Izbavleniye ot KGB (Moscow: Novotni, 1992).

Petr Akopov, "Sud'ba komissarov," Izvestia,

August 23, 2001, http://izvestia.ru/news/250769, accessed January 11, 2016.

Gorbachev to reporters, December 12, 1991, https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=mCWzf1Ze2tk, accessed January 11, 2016.

Gorbachev's resignation speech, December 25, 1991, https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=lHjrmckJiMk, accessed January 11, 2016.

six THE EXECUTION OF THE WHITE HOUSE

Serhii Plokhy, The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union (New York: Basic Books, 2014).

Zbigniew Brzezinski, Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century (New York: Collier Books, 1990), pp. 41-102.

Stephen Kotkin, Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

Alexei Yurchak, Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).

Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), p. 465.

Ibid., p. 391.