The Invention of Nature

forest and ecosystem: AH, September 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.140; AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.477.

59

‘The wooded region acts’ (footnote): AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.126–7; AH Views 2014, p.82; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.158. [

60

tree and oxygen: AH, September 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.140.

61

‘incalculable’ and ‘brutally’: AH, 4 March 1800, ibid., p.216.

62

shrinking turtle population: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4. p.486; AH, 6 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.257.

63

depleted pearl oyster: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.147.

64

‘Everything … is interaction’: AH, 2–5 August 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.258.

65

‘nature has made’: Aristotle,

Politics

, Bk.1, Ch.8.

66

‘all things are made’: Carl Linnaeus, Worster 1977, p.37.

67

‘replenish the earth’: Genesis 1:27–8.

68

‘the world is made’: Francis Bacon, Worster 1977, p.30.

69

‘the lords and’: René Descartes, Thomas 1984, p.33.

70

‘howling wilderness’: Rev. Johannes Megapolensis, Myers 1912, p.303.

71

‘rendered the earth’: Montesquieu,

The Spirit of Laws

, London, 1750, p.391.

72

ideal of nature: Chinard 1945, p.464.

73

‘the idea of destruction’: de Tocqueville, 26 July 1833, ‘A Fortnight in the Wilderness’, Tocqueville 1861, vol. 1, p.202.

74

Williamson and deforestation: Hugh Williamson, 17 August 1770, Chinard 1945, p.452.

75

‘drying up the marshes’: Thomas Wright in 1794, Thomson 2012, p.189

76

‘subduing of the’: Jeremy Belknap, Chinard 1945, p.464.

77

Buffon and wilderness: Judd 2006, p.4; Bewell 1989, p.242.

78

‘cultivated nature … beautiful’: Buffon, Bewell 1989, p.243; see also Adam Hodgson, Chinard 1945, p.483.

79

‘Man can only act’: AH Cosmos 1845–52, vol.1, p.37; AH Kosmos 1845–50, vol.1, p.36.

80

humankind could destroy environment: AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.216.

Chapter 5: The Llanos and the Orinoco

1

AH in Llanos: Unless otherwise referenced AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.273ff.; AH, 6 March–27 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.222ff.

2

‘plunged into a vast’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.263.

3

‘everything seems motionless’: Ibid., p.293.

4

AH clothes: Painting of AH by Friedrich Georg Weitsch from 1806, today at the Alte National Galerie in Berlin.

5

small farm in Llanos: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.319ff.; AH, 6–27 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, pp.223–34.

6

‘fills the mind’: AH Views 2014, p.29; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.2; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.4; AH Ansichten 1808, p.3.

7

electric eels and following description: AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.22–3; AH Views 2014, pp.39–40; AH Ansichten 1849, pp.32–4; Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.347ff.

8

‘flow forth from’: AH Views 2014, p.40; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.23; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.34.

9

description journey to Orinoco: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.390ff. and vol.5.

10

provisions and food: AH, 30 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.239.

11

brother-in-law of governor: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.419.

12

no distraction from studies: AH to WH, 17 October 1800, AH WH Letters 1880, p.15.

13

Bonpland always cheerful: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.310.

14

crocodiles: AH, 30 March–23 May 1800, AH Diary 2000, pp.241–2.

15

bathing in Orinoco: Ibid., p.255.

16

nightly camps: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, pp.433, 436, 535, vol.5, p.442.

17

snake under animal skin: Ibid., vol.5, p.287.

18

Bonpland and cat: AH, 30 March–23 May 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.244.

19

AH and jaguar: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.446; AH, 2 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.249.

20

curare poison: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.5, p.528.

21

‘flute-like tones’: AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.270; AH Views 2014, p.146; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.333.

22

‘many voices proclaiming’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.505.

23

‘man did not disturb’: AH, 31 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.240.

24

study animals in their environment: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, pp.523–4.

25

titi monkey: Ibid., p.527.

26

catching titi: AH, 30 March–23 May 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.266.

27

‘active, organic powers’: AH Views 2014, p.147; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.272; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.337.

28

‘swallow a horse’: AH to Baron von Forell, 3 February 1800, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.274.

29

‘man is nothing’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.5, p.290.

30

animals at night: AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.270ff.; AH Views 2014, pp.146–7; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, pp.333–5; AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.436ff.

31

‘a long-extended’: AH Views 2014, p.146; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.270; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.334.

32

‘some contest’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.437.

33

capybaras, jaguars, flying fish: Ibid., vol.2, p.15.

34

‘limited only by’: AH Views 2014, p.36; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.15; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.23.

35

Linnaeus and harmonious balance: Worster 1977, p.35.

36

‘golden age has’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.421.

37

‘destructive hand of man’: AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.15; AH Views 2014, p.37; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.23.

38