The Invention of Nature

arrival Tenerife: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.1, p.110ff.

51

‘fir torches’ and no tents: Ibid., pp.153–4.

52

face frozen, feet hot: Ibid., pp.168, 189–90.

53

‘magical’ transparency: Ibid., pp.182, 188; see also AH to WH, 20–25 June 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.10.

54

no lights on board: AH, Mein Aufbruch nach America, in Biermann 1987, p.82.

55

his ‘earliest youth’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.20.

56

arrival at Cumaná: Ibid., p.183ff.

57

thermometer into sand: Ibid., p.184.

58

Spanish control of colonies: Arana 2013, p.26ff.

59

‘inspiring some personal’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, pp.188–9.

60

‘announced the grand’: Ibid., p.184.

Chapter 4: South America

1

landscape held spell: AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.11.

2

fauna and flora Cumaná: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, pp.183–4; AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.

3

‘we run around like’: AH to WH, 16 July 1799, ibid., p.13.

4

‘mad if the wonders’: Ibid.

5

difficult to find rational method: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.239.

6

carrying plants: Ibid., vol.3, p.72.

7

‘impression of the whole’: AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.

8

trees Cumaná like Italian pines: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.183.

9

cacti and grasses: Ibid., p.194.

10

valley like Derbyshire: Ibid., vol.3, pp.111, 122.

11

caverns like Carpathian Mountains: Ibid., p.122.

12

AH happy and healthy: AH to Reinhard and Christiane von Haeften, 18 November 1799, AH Letters America 1993, p.66; AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.

13

meteor shower: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.332ff.

14

huge spiders: AH to Reinhard and Christiane von Haeften, 18 November 1799, AH Letters America 1993, p.66.

15

instruments in Cumaná: Ibid., p.65.

16

‘horses in a market’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.2, p.246.

17

earthquake in in Cumaná: Ibid., vol.3, pp.316–17; AH, 4 November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.119.

18

‘we mistrust for the’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3., p.321.

19

money problems: AH, November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.166.

20

José de la Cruz: AH wrote in his diary in June 1801 that José had accompanied them since August 1799; AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.85.

21

chartered boat: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, pp.347, 351–2.

22

packed up in Cumaná: AH, 18 November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.165.

23

‘Hispano–Americans’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.435.

24

‘were vile slaves’: Juan Vicente de Bolívar, Martín de Tobar and Marqués de Mixares to Francisco de Miranda, 24 February 1782, Arana 2013, p.21.

25

double-domed Silla: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.379.

26

‘Memories of Werther’: AH, 8 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.188.

27

tinkle of a cow bell: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.90.

28

‘Nature every where’: Ibid., p.160.

29

‘a balm of miraculous’: AH, 22 November 1799–7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.179.

30

mountain range instead Casiquiare: Holl 2009, p.131.

31

AH and money: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.307; the English edition doesn’t mention the money but the French edition does: AH,

Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent

, vol.4, p.5.

32

letters to be published in newspapers: AH to Ludwig Bolmann, 15 October 1799, Biermann 1987, p.169.

33

43 letters from La Coruña: AH Letters America 1993, p.9.

34

mules and equipment: AH, 7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.185.

35

‘smiling valleys’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.107.

36

description Aragua: Ibid., p.132.

37

falling water levels: Ibid., p.131ff.; AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.215ff.

38

outlet lake: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.141.

39

sand on islands: Ibid., p.140.

40

average evaporation: Ibid., p.145ff.

41

destruction of forests: Ibid., p.142.

42

water for irrigation: Ibid., pp.148–9.

43

consequences of deforestation: AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.215.

44

deforestation outside Cumaná: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, pp.24–5.

45

‘imprudently destroyed’: Ibid., vol.4, p.63.

46

‘Forest very decimated’: AH, 7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.186.

47

‘closely connected’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.144.

48

diminished the evaporation: Ibid., p.143.

49

AH and climate change: See AH’s writings but also Holl 2007–8, pp.20–25; Osten 2012, p.61ff.

50

‘When forests are destroyed’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, pp.143–4.

51

AH and timber for mines: Weigel 2004, p.85.

52

‘We had better be’: Evelyn 1670, p.178.

53

‘France will perish’: Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Schama 1996, p.175.

54

‘timber will soon’: Bartram, John, ‘An Essay for the Improvements of Estates, by Raising a Durable Timber for Fencing, and Other Uses’, Bartram 1992, p.294.

55

‘loss for wood’: Benjamin Franklin to Jared Eliot, 25 October 1750; Benjamin Franklin, ‘An Account of the New Invented Pennsylvanian Fire-Places’, 1744, Franklin 1956–2008, vol.2, p.422 and vol.4, p.70.

56

effect on future generations: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.143.

57

Lombardy and Peru: Ibid., p.144.

58