Вредно для несовершеннолетних

Foreword 1. These statistics appear in The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior, a publication of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Department of Health and Human Services (Rockville, Md.: DHEW Publications, 2001). 2. Recent reports by the Kaiser Family Foundation state that in interviews 98 percent of parents thought sex education should include information about sexually transmitted diseases; 97 percent thought it should talk about abstinence; 90 percent said birth control should be discussed; and 85 percent said it should teach kids how to use condoms. The following two reports of the Kaiser Family Foundation provide this information: "The AIDS Epidemic at 20 Years: The View from America," A National Survey of Americans and HIV/AIDS (June 2001), and "Sex Education in America: A Series of National Surveys of Students, Parents, Teachers, and Principals" (September 2000). 3. Ralph J. Di Clemente, "Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections among Adolescents: A Clash of Ideology and Science (Editorial)," Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 19 (20 May 1998): 1574-75. 4. Ira L. Reiss and Harriet M. Reiss, Solving America's Sexual Crisis (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1997). My two immediate predecessors as Surgeon General, Antonia Novello and C. Everett Koop, had called for sex education and advocated the use of condoms. The call to action of our present Surgeon General, Dr. David Satcher, would also appear to be supportive. Introduction 1. Whereas the assets of the richest 20 percent of Americans can keep them afloat for about two years without a paycheck (at the same level of spending) most of the middle class are able to last just over two months. The poorest 20 percent can't make it a day. Doug Henwood, "Wealth Report," Nation (April 9, 2001): 8. 2. Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997), 3. 3. Hillary Rodham Clinton, "Doing the Best for Our Kids," Newsweek, special issue, spring/summer 1997. 4. The average age at which girls show signs of puberty is just under nine for African American and just after ten for white American girls. Susan Gilbert, "Early Puberty Onset Seems Prevalent," New York Times, April 9, 1997. In 1990, the median age of first marriage for women was twenty-five; for men, it was twenty-seven. Sally C. Clarke, "National Center for Health Statistics Advance Report of Final Marriage Statistics, 1989 and 1990," Monthly Vital Statistics Report 43, no. 12 S1 (July 14, 1995). 5. This is true even when the groups are comparable in terms of family income, neighborhood, and so on. "Teen Sex and Pregnancy," Alan Guttmacher Institute report, September 1999; "Adolescent Sexual Behavior: I. Demographics" and "Adolescent Behavior: II. Socio-Psychological Factors," Advocates for Youth reports, Washington, D.C., 1997. 6. Kristin Luker, Dubious Conceptions: The Politics of Teenage Pregnancy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), 89. 7. A more recent dip is being seen among boys but not among girls. "Trends in Sexual Risk Behaviors among High School Students—U.S. 1991-97," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 (September 18, 1998): 749-52. 8. "Teen Sex and Pregnancy," Alan Guttmacher Institute. 9. Luker, Dubious Conceptions, 9. 10. National Health and Social Life Survey of 1994. Freya L. Sonenstein et al., Involving Males in Preventing Teen Pregnancy (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 1997), 16. 11. Lucinda Franks, "The Sex Lives of Your Children," Talk (February 2000): 104. 12. Diane di Mauro, Sexuality Research in the United States: An Assessment of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, pamphlet (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1995). Since Alfred Kinsey's research in the 1940s and 1950s, the only major comprehensive large-scale national behavioral study was conducted by Edward Laumann et al. at the University of Chicago and published as The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994). This study, initially planned to be much larger, was repeatedly stymied by conservative political interference in its funding. 13. "Research Critical to Protecting Young People from Disease Blocked by Congress," Advocates for Youth press release, December 19, 2000, www.advocatesforyouth.org/news/press/121900.htm. 14. "Most Adults in the United States Who Have Multiple Sexual Partners Do Not Use Condoms Consistently," Family Planning Perspectives 26 (January/February 1994): 42-43. 15. See, e.g., Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, Mother Nature: A History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection (New York: Pantheon, 1999). 16. Philippe Ariès, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1962). 17. J. H. Plumb, "The New World of Children in 18th-Century England," Past and Present 67 (1975): 66. 18. Quoted in Alan Prout and Allison James, "A New Paradigm for the Sociology of Childhood?" in Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood, ed. Allison James and Alan Prout (London: Falmer, 1990), 17. 19. Karin Calvert, Children in the House: The Material Culture of Early Childhood, 1600-1900 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992). 20. Marina Warner, "Little Angels, Little Monsters," in her Six Myths of Our Time (New York: Vintage Books, 1994). 21. James R. Kincaid, Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture (New York: Routledge, 1992). 22. Philip J. Greven, "Family Structure in Seventeenth-Century Andover, Massachusetts," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d series, 23 (1966): 234-56. In any period "the most sensitive register of maturity is the age at marriage," wrote Greven. It could be argued that this is no longer true. However, the legal age of marriage may be read as a register of ideologies that define immaturity. In America, though that age has ranged from as young as twelve, it was not until the late Progressive Era that policymakers perceived a "child marriage problem," and the legal marriage age crept into the midteens in a number of states. Kristie Lindenmeyer, "Adolescent Pregnancy in the 20th Century U.S.," paper delivered at the Carleton Conference on the History of the Family, Ottawa, May 15, 1997. 23. Deborah Gray White, Ar'n't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1985), 106. 24. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 12-14, 43. 25. G. Stanley Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education (New York: D. Appleton, 1904). 26. Kincaid, Child Loving, 126-27. 27. Warner, "Little Angels, Little Monsters," 55-56. 28. Susheela Singh and Jacqueline E. Darroch, "Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing: Levels and Trends in Developed Countries," Alan Guttmacher Institute report, February 2000. 29. A summary of many studies found an average prevalence for non-sexual dating violence of 22 percent among high school students and 32 percent among college students. D. B. Sugarman and G. T. Hotaling, "Dating Violence: Prevalence, Context, and Risk Markers," in M. A. Pirog-Good and J. E. Stets, eds., Violence in Dating Relationships (New York: Praeger, 1989), 3-32. One study showed that teenage girls were almost three times more likely to suffer a beating at the hands of a date than were teenage males. M. O'Keefe and C. Treister, "Victims of Dating Violence among High School Students," Violence against Women 4 (1998): 193-228. 30. SIECUS, SHOP (School Health Opportunities and Progress) Talk Bulletin 4, no. 1 (March 19, 1999). 31. Bill Alexander, "Adolescent HIV Rates Soar; Government Piddles," Youth Today (March/April 1997): 29. 32. They were down 44 percent in the first six months of 1997 compared with 1996. Lawrence K. Altman, "AIDS Deaths Drop 48% in New York," New York Times, February 3, 1998, A1. 33. These people probably contracted HIV in their teens. Philip J. Hilts, "AIDS Deaths Continue to Rise in 25-44 Age Group, U.S. Says," New York Times, January 16, 1996, A22. 34. Annie E. Casey Foundation Annual Report 1997 (Baltimore: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1997). 35. "Facts about Adolescents and HIV/AIDS," Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report, Atlanta, Ga., March 1998. 36. Lawrence K. Altman, "Study in 6 Cities Finds HIV in 30% of Young Black Gays," New York Times, February 6, 2001. 1. Censorship 1. People for the American Way,

Attacks on the Freedom to Learn (Washington, D.C.: People for the American Way, 1996). 2. Marc Silver, with Katherine T. Beddingfield and Kenan Pollack, "Sex, Violence and the Tube," U.S. News and World Report (September 1993): 76-79. 3. Susan N. Wilson, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Word?" Censorship News, National Coalition Against Censorship (winter 1996): 5. 4. Jane D Brown, "Sexuality and the Mass Media: An Overview," SIECUS Reports 24, no. 10 (April/May 1996): 3-5. 5. I borrow this term from Agnes Repellier, "The Repeal of Reticence," Atlantic, March 1914, 207-304. 6. The term hypermediated was coined by Henry Jenkins, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 7. Quoted in Judith H. Dobrzynski, "A Popular Couple Charged into the Future of Art, but in Opposite Directions," New York Times, September 2, 1997. 8. "Child's Eye View," New York Times, December 31, 1997. 9. Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 26. 10. Roy Porter, "Forbidden Pleasures: Enlightenment Literature of Sexual Advice," in Solitary Pleasures: The Historical, Literary, and Artistic Discourses of Autoeroticism, ed. Paula Bennett and Vernon A. Rosario II (New York: Routledge, 1995), 81. 11. New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Fifteenth Annual Report, Case 39,591 (New York: the society, 1890), 15-16. 12. Repellier, "The Repeal of Reticence." 13. Ira S. Wile, "The Sexual Problems of Adolescents," Journal of Social Hygiene 20, no. 9 (December 1934): 439-40. 14. Bernard Weintraub, "Fun for the Whole Family," New York Times, July 22, 1997. 15. Samuel S. Janus and Barbara E. Bess, "Latency: Fact or Fiction?" American Journal of Psychoanalysis 36, no. 4 (1976): 345-46. 16. Right-wing fundamentalist Christians are today's firmest articulators of the view from Genesis, that philandering with worldly experience can lead to no good. One of their conspiracy narratives dates the fall of American civilization to the takeover of Harvard University by Unitarians, the country's preeminent educational institution hijacked by its preeminent doubters. Conservative opposition to sex education, similarly, is always connected with opposition to other forms of moral questioning and intellectual exploration at school, from values clarification to creative spelling. 17. See Roger Shattuck's Forbidden Knowledge: From Prometheus to Pornography (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996) for an interesting exploration of this conflict. 18. Nicole Wise, "A Curious Time," Parenting, March 1994, 110. 19. Janice Irvine, "Cultural Differences and Adolescent Sexualities," in Sexual Cultures and the Construction of Adolescent Identities, ed. Janice Irvine (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 21. 20. Interview with Leonore Tiefer, May 1996. 21. This is still true in many non-Western cultures and Western ethnic subcultures, which is why HIV/AIDS workers have coined the term "men who have sex with men," or MSM, to reach people who don't identify as gay but may still engage in so-called gay sex. 22. Anne C. Bernstein, Flight of the Stork: What Children Think (and When) about Sex and Family Building, rev. ed. (Indianapolis: Perspectives Press, 1994), 31. 23. Elizabeth Kolbert, "Americans Despair of Popular Culture," New York Times, August 20, 1995, 23. 24. Marjorie Heins, INDECENCY: The Great American Debate over Sex, Children, Free Speech, and Dirty Words, Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Monograph Paper #7, 1997, 4. 25. While the courts have often balked at censorship of books and films, because presumably a child could be kept from seeing them, they have upheld "safe-harbor" restrictions in numerous cases involving radio and television broadcasting. A landmark decision came in 1978, when the New York listener-supported Pacifica radio station WBAI aired the comedian George Carlin's baroque exegesis of the "Seven Filthy Words" that the Federal Communications Commission prohibited from the airwaves: shit, piss, fuck, cunt, cocksucker, motherfucker, and tits. The FCC imposed sanctions on Pacifica, which appealed the decision to the Supreme Court. There, the justices ruled that the FCC could punish Pacifica, not because the content was legally obscene, but because it broadcast the words at a time when minors were likely to be listening. Heins, INDECENCY, 11. 26. Barbara Miner, "Internet Filtering: Beware the Cybercensors," Rethinking Schools (summer 1998): 11. 27. Butler v. Michigan, 352 U.S. 383-84 (1957). 28. Janelle Brown, "Another Defeat for 'Kiddie Porn' Law," salon.com, June 23, 2000. 29. Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (Washington, D.C.: Lockhart commission, 1970), 23-27. 30. Mary R. Murrin and D. R. Laws, "The Influence of Pornography on Sexual Crimes," in Handbook of Sexual Assault, ed. W. L. Marshall, D. R. Laws, and H. E. Barbaree (New York: Plenum Press, 1990), 83-84. 31. David E. Nutter and Mary E. Kearns, "Patterns of Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material among Sex Offenders, Child Molesters, and Controls," Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 19 (spring 1993): 73-85. 32. See John Money, Love Maps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia and Gender Transposition, Childhood, Adolescence and Maturity (New York: Irving Publishers, 1986); Irene Diamond, "Pornography and Repression: A Reconsideration," Signs (summer 1989): 689; David Futrelle, "Shameful Pleasures," In These Times (March 7, 1994): 17. 33. Marjorie Heins, Sex, Sin, and Blasphemy: A Guide to America's Censorship Wars (New York: New Press, 1993). 34. Edward de Grazia, Girls Lean Back Everywhere: The Law of Obscenity and the Assault on Genius (New York: Vintage Books, 1993): 541n, 551-61. 35. U.S. Department of Justice, Report of the Surgeon General's Workshop on Pornography and Public Health (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1986), 344. 36. Sources in Massachusetts identify this "expert" as one who gave later-discredited testimony against day-care workers accused of "satanic ritual abuse." 37. Public Eye, CBS-TV, October 8, 1997. 38. Morning Edition, National Public Radio, September 12, 1997. 39. Declan McCullagh and Brock Meeks, "Keys to The Kingdom," Cyberwire Dispatch, cyberworks.com, July 3, 1996. 40. Steven Isaac, "Safe Cruising on the Info Highway," Focus on the Family (February 1998): 12. 41. Amy Harmon, "Parents Fear That Children Are One Click Ahead of Them," New York Times, May 3, 1999, A1. 42. Jon Katz, "The Rights of Kids in the Digital Age," Wired, July 1996. In the same spirit, Katz's cyber-news Web site, frequented by youngsters, has become journalists' main source for what kids think, and also a strong source of opposition to proposed harder Internet restrictions, following the student shootings at Columbine High in Littleton, Colorado. Two studies released in June 2001 found that most preteens and teens online can take unwanted or unsolicited online communications in their stride. Three-quarters of the youth questioned both by Crimes Against Children Research Center of the University of New Hampshire and by the Pew Internet and American Life Project said they weren't upset by posts from strangers asking to have sex or talk about it, and simply deleted or blocked them. Commented Donna Hoffman, a Vanderbilt University management professor specializing in online commerce, to the New York Times, it is "no surprise" that children might be approached by people looking for sex on the Net. "It's how children are educated to deal with these experiences that is important." Jon Schwartz, "Studies Detail Solicitation of Children for Sex Online," New York Times, June 20, 2001. 43. Report of the Surgeon General's Workshop, 36-38. 44. Penelope Leach, "Kids and Sex Talk," Redbook

, October 1993, 178. 45. Neil Postman, The Disappearance of Childhood (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), 80. 46. Laura Megivern, "Net Controls Won't Block the Curious," Burlington Free Press, September 24, 1997, 2C. 47. See chapter 8 for more on good public sources of sex education. 2. Manhunt 1. This account was constructed from articles in the Boston Herald, Boston Globe, and Cambridge Chronicle between October 1997 and December 1998; also Yvonne Abraham, "Life after Death," Boston Phoenix, September 25, 1998, 23-30; and interviews with Boston and Cambridge residents. 2. In spite of the proliferating coverage of pedophilia and child abuse, the media frequently claim that we are inexcusably silent on the subject. "[The pedophile] is protected not only by our ignorance of his presence, but also by our unwillingness to confront the truth," Andrew Vachss, one of the more sensationalist writers on the subject, opined in 1989, for instance. 3. Paul Okami and Amy Goldberg, "Personality Correlates of Pedophilia: Are They Reliable Indicators?" Journal of Sex Research 29, no. 3 (August 1992): 297-328; author's review of state laws. 4. See, e.g., Andrew Vachss, "How We Can Fight Child Abuse," Parade Magazine, August 20, 1989, 14. 5. A pedophile is defined as a person who has "recurrent intense sexual urges and arousing sexual fantasies involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children." Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III-R (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1987). 6. Mike Smith, "Sex Offender Registry OK'd," Journal Gazette (Fort Wayne, Indiana), February 20, 1996. 7. Ann Landers, "There's One Cure for Child Molesters," syndicated column, August 2, 1995. 8. Debbie Nathan and Michael Snedeker, Satan's Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 91. 9. Tim LaHaye and Beverly LaHaye, Against the Tide: How to Raise Sexually Pure Kids in an "Anything-Goes" World (Colorado Springs: Multnomah Books, 1993), 189. 10. "Improving Investigations and Protecting Victims," Boston Herald, May 4, 1994. 11. Richard Laliberte, "Missing Children: The Truth, the Hype, and What You Must Know," Redbook, February 1998, 77. 12. The death-penalty bill was defeated by one vote at the end of the 1997-98 legislative session, though the incoming Republican governor, Paul Cellucci, promised to pass it in the next term. Bob Curley, feeling used by his political handlers and used up by a life of rage, has retreated to crusade against child pornography and raise funds for child-abuse prevention programs. Abraham, "Life after Death," 30. In 2000, the Curleys brought a civil suit against the North American Man/Boy Love Association and several individuals allegedly associated with it, claiming that Jaynes was a heterosexual before reading the organization's propaganda and that his crimes were "a direct and proximate result of [its] urging, advocacy, and promoting of pedophile activity." Barbara Curley and Robert Curley v. North American Man Boy Love Association, Best Interest Communications Inc., Verio Inc. [and various individual defendants], U.S. District of Massachusetts (announced April 15, 2000). In April 2001, the family's lawyers filed additional charges against NAMBLA, seeking damages under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), usually used to prosecute gangsters. The Massachusetts Chapter of the ACLU is representing NAMBLA on free-speech grounds; the Civil Liberties Union has asked the judge to dismiss the case. David Weber, "Family of Slain Cambridge Boy Wants NAMBLA Held Responsible," BostonHerald.com, April 11, 2001. 13. Laliberte, "Missing Children," 77. 14. J. M. Lawrence, "Molesters Hide Evil behind Image of the Normal Guy," Boston Herald, October 12, 1997, 30. 15. According to the FBI, "classic" abductions, in which a child is taken by a nonfamily member more than fifty miles from home, held overnight, and ransomed or murdered, number two hundred to three hundred annually, or 1 child in every 230,000 (as of 1997). 16. FBI statistics, phone interview, summer 1993. 17. Lieutenant Bill D'Heron points out that the case is still open. Phone interview with the lieutenant, of the Hollywood (Florida) Police Department detectives unit, December 15, 1998. 18. Laliberte, "Missing Children," 78. 19. Anna C. Salter, "Epidemiology of Child Sexual Abuse," in The Sexual Abuse of Children: Theory and Research, vol. 1, ed. William O'Donoghue and James H. Geer (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992), 129-130. 20. See Paul Okami, "'Slippage' in Research on Child Sexual Abuse: Science as Social Advocacy," in The Handbook of Forensic Sexology: Biomedical and Criminological Perspectives, ed. James J. Krivacska and John Money (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1994), 559-75. 21. Quoted in Bruce Selcraig, "Chasing Computer Perverts," Penthouse, February 1996, 51. 22. More than eight times more people were incarcerated for low-level sex offenses in 1992 than in 1980. Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Correctional Populations in the United States," report, Washington, D.C., 1992, 53. 23. Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Uniform Crime Reports: Crime in the U.S.," report, Washington, D.C., 1993, 217. 24. Okami and Goldberg, "Personality Correlates," 317-20. The article is an excellent review of the literature. 25. In one study, fewer than a fifth of pedophiles interviewed said they desired genital sex, whereas another fifth wanted "non-sexual, platonic friendships." Glenn D. Wilson and David N. Cox, The Child-Lovers: A Study of Paedophiles in Society (London: Peter Owen), 35. 26. Okami and Goldberg, "Personality Correlates," 297-328. A study of the members of a British pedophile organization found that "the majority [of subjects] showed no sign of clinically significant psychopathy or thought disorder." Wilson and Cox, The Child Lovers, 122-23. Even the commonly held belief that a molested child will grow up to be a molester is exaggerated: studies find that about a third do, which means that as many as two-thirds do not. Joan Kaufman and Edward Zigler, "Do Abused Children Become Abusive Parents?" American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 57, no. 2 (1987): 186-92. The degree of social anxiety that pedophiles exhibit may be a result, not a cause, of the intense hatred and ostracism they experience, say a number of observers, including psychologists Theo Sandfort and Larry Constantine. 27. Wilson and Cox (The Child-Lovers) add a caveat to Money's comment about erotophobia in the families of paraphilics. They note that just about everyone describes his or her parents as repressive about sex. 28. There was no proof of a sexual relationship between the two men. Nor was there any of a general propensity toward child molesting in the Sicari family, although police inferred one from the conviction of Salvi's sixteen-year-old brother in a sexual encounter with a ten-year-old boy. The gay historian Allan Bérubé suggested that the crime fit another stereotype and piqued another fear: that the child molester's prey is not only a boy but a white boy (author conversation with Bérubé). 29. Margaret A. Alexander, "Quasi-Meta-Analysis II, Oshkosh Correctional Institution," State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections/Oshkosh Correctional Institution report, Oshkosh, 1994; Lita Furby et al., "Sex Offender Recidivism: A Review," Psychological Bulletin 3 (1989); R. Karl Hanson and Monique T. Bussiere, "Predictors of Sexual Offender Recidivism: A Meta-Analysis," Department of Solicitor General of Canada, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66, no. 2 (1996). 30. These numbers are inflated by reoffenses by adult rapists. In her metanalysis of seventy-nine studies encompassing almost eleven thousand subjects, Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Correctional Institution clinical director Margaret Alexander reconfirmed the fact that men who rape adult women are the most intransigent, with about a fifth striking again whether they undergo a treatment program in prison or not. But men arrested for having sex with children are usually overcome with shame and remorse; they want to stop. For them, good treatment has made a great difference: Since 1943, an average of 11 percent of "child molesters" who were treated in jails, hospitals, and outpatient clinics found their way back to prison, compared with 32 percent of those who took part in no treatment. Margaret A. Alexander, "Sexual Offender Treatment Efficacy Revisited," State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections/Oshkosh Correctional Institution report, Oshkosh, May 1998. There's also evidence that better treatment is increasingly successful. Before 1980, recidivism among treated sex offenders was almost 30 percent; after 1980, it dropped to 8.4 percent. Eric Lotke, "Sex Offenders: Does Treatment Work?" National Center for Institutions and Alternatives report, Washington, D.C., 1996, 5. 31. James R. Kincaid, Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture (New York: Routledge, 1992); and James R. Kincaid, Erotic Innocence: The Culture of Child-Molesting (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1998). 32. Judith Lewis Herman, Father-Daughter Incest (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981). 33. National Incidence Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Department of Health and Human Services, 1993). 34. Ellen Bass and Laura Davis, The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (New York: Harper Perennial, 1988): 22. 35. Richard Ofshe and Ethan Watters, Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria (New York: Scribner's, 1994), 65-67. In fact, any catalogue of symptoms is suspect. "Psychological evidence suggests that it is impossible to tease out a set of symptoms that are related to sexual abuse but are never seen in victims of other types of abuse." Elizabeth Wilson, "Not in This House: Incest, Denial, and Doubt in the Middle-Class Family," Yale Journal of Criticism 8 (1995): 51. Wilson's conclusion, drawn from examinations of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is supported by a thorough review of the abuse literature by Bruce Rind at the University of Pennsylvania, as well as Paul Okami and others. Such careful work is in the minority. The complete confounding of data has led to huge inflations of the statistics, which are commonly repeated by journalists. In the 1980s, estimates of women abused as children ranged as high as 62 percent. S. D. Peters, G. E. Wyatt, and D. Finkelhor, "Prevalence," in A Source Book on Sexual Abuse, ed. David Finkelhor (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publishers, 1986), 75-93. 36. This estimation is drawn from the hundreds of articles I've read in writing about child abuse. 37. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (Washington, D.C., 1993); 3-3. 38. Judith Lewis Herman, D. Russell, and K. Trocki, "Long-Term Effects of Incestuous Abuse in Childhood," American Journal of Psychiatry 143, no. 10 (1986): 1293-96. 39. "By far the largest group of defendants [in child pornography cases] seems to be white males between 30 and 50 who are interested in teenage boys, usually between 14 and 17," concluded Bruce Selcraig, a government investigator of child pornography during the 1980s who went online in 1996 as a journalist to review the situation. Selcraig, "Chasing Computer Perverts," 53. The same is true of the majority of men in jail for consensual sex with girls or boys: their partners are teenagers. I conclude this from my own surveys over the past ten years of journalism, police sources, and defense attorneys. 40. Jennifer Allen, "The Danger Years," Life, July 1995, 48. 41. Lawrence, "Molesters Hide Evil," 31. 42. As quoted by Harry Hendrick, "Constructions and Reconstructions of British Childhood: An Interpretive Survey, 1800 to the Present," in Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood, ed. Allison James and Alan Prout (London: Falmer Press, 1990), 42. 43. Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992). 44. The reports of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, for instance, frequently described the alleged exploiters of children in vicious and often confused ethnic stereotypes. Italian "padrones" who traffic variously in child labor, entertainment, and flesh are ubiquitous. A "rabbi" who runs a beer-bottle and cigarette-strewn gambling den behind a bogus "bird store" is characterized, incongruously, by his "little Chinese ways of enticement." Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Sixteenth Annual Report (New York, 1891), 23. 45. See, e.g., Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight; Ellen Carol DuBois and Linda Gordon, "Seeking Ecstasy on the Battlefield," in

Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole Vance (London: Pandora Press, 1989); Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987); Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1987); and Ruth C. Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), for a fuller picture of turn-of-the-century urban prostitution. 46. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight, 81-120. 47. Judith R. Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980): 17. 48. DuBois and Gordon, "Seeking Ecstasy on the Battlefield," 33. 49. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight, 82. 50. John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 153. 51. Estelle Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960," Journal of American History 71, no. 1 (1987): 83-106. 52. D'Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 260-61. 53. Allan Bérubé, Coming Out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War II (New York: Macmillan, 1990). 54. As quoted by George Chauncey Jr., "The Postwar Sex Crime Panic," in True Stories from the American Past, ed. William Graebner (New York: McGraw Hill, 1993), 162. 55. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires.'" 56. Chauncey, "Postwar Sex Crimes," 160-78. 57. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires,'" 92. 58. Freedman, '"Uncontrolled Desires,'" 84. 59. Chauncey, "Postwar Sex Crimes," 160-74. 60. Heidi Handman and Peter Brennan, Sex Handbook: Information and Help for Minors (New York: Putnam, 1974). 61. Lawrence Stanley, "The Child Porn Myth," Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal 7 (1989): 295-358. 62. U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, Sexual Exploitation of Children: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Crime, 95th Congress, first session, 1977, 42-48. See also, Judianne Densen-Gerber and Stephen F. Hutchinson, "Sexual and Commercial Exploitation of Children: Legislative Responses and Treatment Challenges," Child Abuse and Neglect 3 (1979): 61-66. 63. "'Child Sex' Cop Transferred," Bay Area Reporter, March 18, 1982, 8. 64. U.S. House Judiciary Committee, Sexual Exploitation of Children, 48. 65. Stanley, "The Child Porn Myth," 313. 66. Joel Best, "Dark Figures and Child Victims: Statistical Claims about Missing Children," in Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems, ed. Joel Best (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1989), 21-37. 67. Stanley, "The Child Porn Myth," 313. 68. Lucy Komisar, "The Mysterious Mistress of Odyssey House," New York Magazine, November 1979, 43-50. The charges were not indictably substantiated, but they were enough to exile Densen-Gerber from Odyssey House and, for a time, social service altogether. In 1998, she was running Applied Resources Corporation in Bridgeport, Connecticut. 69. "'Child Sex' Cop Transferred." 70. See Nathan and Snedeker, Satan's Silence. Nathan was for a long time the only journalist in America who published skeptical investigations of "satanic ritual abuse." Later, she was joined by the documentarist Ofra Bikel and others, and by the early 1990s, their painstaking reporting began to turn some opinion around. 71. Daniel Goleman, "Proof Lacking in Ritual Abuse by Satanists," New York Times, October 31, 1994. 72. The charges were brought by the adopted daughter of a zealous police chief, and, as in Salem, the people who objected to what looked to them like a widening witch-hunt, found themselves accused. The defendants were disproportionately poor, uneducated, and in several cases mentally disabled, and no defendant without a private attorney was acquitted. Kathryn Lyons, Witch Hunt: A True Story of Social Hysteria and Abused Justice (New York: Avon, 1998). 73. Documented by the Justice Committee, San Diego, Calif.; Boston Coalition for Freedom of Expression, Boston, Mass.; Nathan and Snedeker (Satan's Silence); and others. 74. Selcraig, "Chasing Computer Perverts," 72. 75. Seminar conducted at the University of Southern California by R. P. Tyler (reported by James R. Kincaid, author interview). 76. Lawrence A. Stanley, "The Child-Porn Myth," Playboy, September 1988, 41. 77. The notion of predisposition informs all sting operations: police are not allowed to entice somebody into breaking the law (that would be entrapment) unless they have evidence indicating he is likely to do so on his own. Narcotics agents commonly buy from a known dealer; occasionally an undercover cop will put herself into a position to be assaulted by a rapist whose m.o. is known.     However, the establishment of predisposition in child pornography enforcement is not so straightforward, because the enforcers' motives aren't. If the goal is to eradicate deviance and not necessarily to prevent actual crimes, as the ACLU's Marjorie Heins suggests, suspicion of deviance goes a long way toward legally establishing predisposition to criminality. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children's manual for law enforcers suggests including in requests for search warrants a profile of what they call a "preferential child molester," accent on preferential, since he might want to do something he's never done.     Since the person needs to have demonstrated no greater erotic interest in children than logging onto a site where they congregate (I, in researching this chapter, could be accused of such acts), the tactic resembles setting somebody up for a drug bust not because he's actually sold or bought drugs but because he has watched the doings of the dealer next door or because he has an "addictive personality."     Once a "preference" for "child molestation" has been thus established, a search warrant stating this preference in the suspect alerts cops to the probability that a collection of illegal child pornography awaits their search. And the search fulfills their expectations: they find pictures and, whether they're pornographic or not, take them to be clues to molestation. "The photograph of a fully dressed child may not be evidence of an obscenity violation, but it could be evidence of an offender's sexual involvement with children," says the National Center's manual.     In 1995 I asked Raymond Smith, who heads the Postal Inspection Service's child pornography investigations, about his estimation that PI agents find "evidence of child molestation" in 30 percent of their searches of the homes of suspected pedophiles:     "We'll find pictures of kids—no sexual act; we don't know where these kids come from. But you get a gut feeling . . . you learn to identify it. . . . We're not finding a videotape of this guy having sex with the ten-year-old girl next door. We're not finding a picture. Just from what we see in the house and how they talk.     "When we get into these cases, many of these individuals literally confess to committing horrible acts, before they're arrested. Sometimes that is fantasy, which is not against the law. But when you have the child pornography present, combined with the fantasy, in my opinion not only are they violating the law, they also pose a serious threat to children in the community where they live. If somebody told me this man never molested before, but, man, he loves kids and I knew he was a member of NAMBLA [the North American Man/Boy Love Association, a support group-propaganda organization], I would think that person was a threat to my child. But I have no, quote, evidence that he molested." 78. At this writing, in 2001, a constitutional challenge to the 1996 law is on the Supreme Court's docket. 79. "Cynthia Stewart's Ordeal," editorials, Nation (May 1, 2000). 80. James R. Kincaid, "Hunting Pedophiles on the Net," salon.com, August 24, 2000. 81. A particularly harrowing account of a year-long entrapment campaign resulting in the conviction of a man who seemed to have no preexisting sexual interest in children can be found in Laura Kipnis, Bound and Gagged: Pornography and the Politics of Fantasy in America (New York: Grove Press, 1996). 82. Christopher Marquis, "U.S. Says It Broke Pornography Ring Featuring Youths," New York Times, August 9, 2001. 83. Kincaid, "Hunting Pedophiles on the Net." 84. During the U.S. Postal Inspection Service's late-1980s Project Looking Glass investigations, 5 of the 160 people indicted saved the government the effort of seeking a plea bargain by promptly committing suicide. 85. Marquis, "U.S. Says It Broke Pornography Ring Featuring Youths." 86. Susan Lehman, "Larry Matthews' 18-Month Sentence for Receiving and Transmitting Kiddie Porn Raises Difficult First Amendment Issues," salon.com, March 11, 1999. The brazenness of the putative mother's post gives it the scent of a sting operation, in my view. Frequenters of such chat rooms, and surely criminals involved in child prostitution, are meticulously secretive, understanding that they are under constant surveillance. In the mid-1990s, lawyer Lawrence Stanley was also indicted (though not convicted) for receiving alleged child-pornographic images through the mail. He had received the pictures from a client for whom he was acting as defense counsel; they were the indictable items in the client's case, and Stanley was challenging the prosecutor's claims that the images were indeed legally pornographic. 87. Kimberly J. Mitchell, David Finkelhor, and Janis Wolak, "Risk Factors for and Impact of Online Sexual Solicitation of Youth," Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (June 20, 2001): 3011-14 (unpaginated online). Commenting on the study, Harrison M. Rainie, the director of a more comprehensive study called "Teenage Life Online," by the Pew Internet and American Life Project, said, "Virtually every kid we talked to knows there are some really bad things and bad people in the online world, and know that there are some good things and good people. When they get down to weighing the pluses and minuses, most kids will say the pluses pile up and the minuses are manageable." John Schwartz, "Studies Detail Solicitation of Children for Sex Online," New York Times, June 20, 2001. 88. Ron Martz, "Internet Spreading Child Porn, Investigators Say," Sunday Rutland Herald, June 28, 1998, A8. 89. "Bonfire of the Knuckleheads," Contemporary Sexuality 28 (April 1994): 1. 90. James Kincaid documented a dozen or so with newspaper articles, but my researches would suggest there are many more that don't make the papers. James Kincaid, "Is This Child Pornography?" salon.com, Janu-ary 31, 2000. 91. Katha Pollitt, "Subject to Debate," Nation (December 13, 1999); "Cynthia Stewart's Ordeal"; and Cynthia Stewart and David Perrotta, "Thank You, Nation Family," letters, Nation (May 1, 2000). 92. Matt Golec, "Bill Would Expand Sex Offender Notification Law," Burlington Free Press, January 30, 2000, A1. 93. Ross E. Milloy, "Texas Judge Orders Notices Warning of Sex Offenders," New York Times, May 29, 2001. 94. In 1997, the first subject of the Kansas law, who had no record of violence, but rather a rap sheet of exhibitionism and mild fondling, brought his case to the U.S. Supreme Court and lost. The law was upheld. By that year, Washington, Arizona, California, Minnesota, and Wisconsin had passed similar laws. 95. Bill Andriette, "America's Sex Gulags," Guide (August 1997) (re-print): 1-3. 96. A 1996 review of the data by the National Center for Institutions and Alternatives concluded that only 13 percent of former sex offenders are arrested for subsequent sex crimes. This compares with a recidivism rate of 74 percent for all criminal offenders. The NCIA estimated at this time that of 250,000 potential compliers with community registration statutes, 217,000 were "ex-offenders" or people who were not destined to commit additional crimes. National Center for Institutions and Alternatives, "Community Notification and Setting the Record Straight on Recidivism," Community Notification/NCIA/[e-mail], November 8, 1996. 97. In Corpus Christi, several of the men who posted warning signs immediately had their property vandalized, two were evicted from their homes, and one attempted suicide. An intruder threatened the life of the father of one of the men, who had been arrested for indecency with a child in 1999 "after a night of drinking ended with an encounter with a fifteen-year-old girl." Milloy, "Texas Judge Orders Notices." 98. Todd Purdum, "Registry Laws Tar Sex-Crimes Convicts with Broad Brush," New York Times, July 1, 1997. Later that year, California excised the names of men convicted of consensual homosexuality from the list. "Gay Exception Made to Registration Law," New York Times, November 11, 1997. 99. U.S. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, "Child Pornography and Pedophilia," Report 99-537, October 6, 1986, 3. 100. Evidence suggests that statutory rape, or sex with minors, did occur at Waco. David Koresh did so with the parents' consent, because his followers believed it "was his religious duty to father 24 children by virgin mothers." Because the parents cooperated, the state did not bring charges. Dick J. Reavis, The Ashes of Waco: An Investigation (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1998). 101. The number of fatalities, including the number of children among them, is hard to pin down. On James Tabor and Eugene Gallagher's "Why Waco?" Web site, a list of Branch Davidians counts seventy-two dead, including twenty-three children. The New York Times, reporting on the FBI's belated admission that it had fired pyrotechnic gas canisters at the compound, noted on August 26, 1999, that "about 80 people, including 24 children, were found dead after the fire." The following day, a subsequent story said "about 80 people, including 25 children." David Stout, "FBI Backs Away from Flat Denial in Waco Cult Fire," New York Times

, August 26, 1999, A1; Stephen Labaton "Reno Admits Credibility Hurt in Waco Case," New York Times, August 27, 1999, A1. The Justice Department's report directly following the events said "the medical examiner found the remains of 75 individuals" but did not specify how many were children. Edward S. G. Dennis Jr., "Evaluation of the Handling of the Branch Davidian Stand-Off in Waco, Texas, February 28 to April 19 1993," U.S. Department of Justice report, Washington, D.C., October 8 1993. 3. Therapy 1. The story of the Diamonds was drawn from interviews and time spent with the participants, including the family, their therapist, Philip Kaushall, and various social-service professionals, lawyers, and others involved in their case, as well as from several thousand pages of Child Protective Services case files kept between December 1994 and late 1996, when I visited. I have changed the names of the family members, as well as the social workers and foster parents whose names appear in the case records. 2. Brian's story was constructed from interviews with the family and from San Diego police, court, and psychologists' records. 3. Shirley Leung and Stacy Milbauer, "New Hampshire Boy, 10, Charged in Rape of 2 Playmates," Boston Globe, August 22, 1996, A1. 4. Andy Newman, "New Jersey Court Says 12-Year-Old Must Register as a Sexual Offender," New York Times, April 12, 1996. 5. "Police Uncover Child Sex Ring in Small Pa. Town," Associated Press, Burlington Free Press, July 5, 1999. 6. See Paul Okami, "'Child Perpetrators of Sexual Abuse': The Emergence of a Problematic Deviant Category," Journal of Sex Research 29, no. 1 (February 1992): 109-30; and Okami, "'Slippage' in Research of Child Sexual Abuse." 7. Leonore Tiefer, "'Am I Normal?' The Question of Sex," in Sex Is Not a Natural Act and Other Essays (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1995), 10-16. 8. San Diego County Grand Jury, Report No. 2: Families in Crisis, February 6, 1992, 4-6. 9. Mark Sauer, "Believe the Children?" Times Union, August 29, 1993. 10. Toni Cavanagh Johnson, "Child Perpetrators—Children Who Molest Other Children: Preliminary Findings," Child Abuse and Neglect 12 (1988): 219-29. 11. Carolyn Cunningham and Kee MacFarlane, When Children Abuse (Brandon, Vt.: Safer Society Program, 1996), viii-ix. 12. David Gardetta, "Facing the Monster: Teenage Sex Offenders in Treatment," LA Weekly, January 13-19, 1995, 17. 13. Jeffrey Butts, "Offenders in Juvenile Court, 1994," Juvenile Justice Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, D.C., October 1996. 14. See, for instance, the literature of the Safer Society Program in Vermont. 15. Claudia Morain, "When Children Molest Children," American Medical Association News, January 3, 1994. 16. William N. Friedrich, "Normative Sexual Behavior in Children," Pediatrics 88, no. 3 (September 1991): 456-64. 17. Okami, "'Child Perpetrators of Sexual Abuse.'" 18. Okami, "'Slippage' in Research of Child Sexual Abuse," 565. 19. Toni Cavanagh Johnson, "Behaviors Related to Sex and Sexuality in Preschool Children," photocopied typescript, undated, S. Pasadena, Calif. 20. Johnson, "Child Perpetrators," 221. 21. National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect, NCCAN Discretionary Grants FY 1991, award number 90CA1469. 22. A group of clinicians distributed the proposal at the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (October 11-14, 1995), trying to win additional support. 23. The Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-3) (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997), 2-14. 24. See, e.g., Cunningham and MacFarlane, When Children Abuse, ix. 25. See, e.g., David Finkelhor, Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1984); L. M. Williams and David Finkelhor, "The Characteristics of Incestuous Fathers," in ed. W. Marshall, D. R. Laws, and H. Barbaree, The Handbook of Sexual Assault: Issues, Theories, and Treatment of the Offender (New York: Plenum Publishing, 1989). 26. Friedrich's 1992 comparison between sexually abused and non-abused children found that abused kids act out sexually with greater frequency than other kids do, but both groups do all the same sexual things. William N. Friedrich and Patricia Grambsch, "Child Sexual Behavior Inventory: Normative and Clinical Comparison," Psychological Assessment 4 (1992): 303-11; Robert D. Wells et al., "Emotional, Behavioral, and Physical Symptoms Reported by Parents of Sexually Abused, Nonabused, and Allegedly Abused Prepubescent Females," Child Abuse and Neglect 19 (1995): 155-62. J. A. Cohen and A. P. Mannarino, "Psychological Symptoms in Sexually Abused Girls," Child Abuse and Neglect 12 (1988): 571-77; R. J. Weinstein et al., "Sexual and Aggressive Behavior in Girls Experiencing Child Abuse and Precocious Puberty," paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, 1989. 27. Many researchers have decried the lack of systematic collection of data and their paucity on this subject. Nevertheless, all the data there are support my statement, and none contradict it. See, e.g., Friedrich, "Normative Sexual Behavior in Children"; William N. Friedrich et al., "Normative Sexual Behavior in Children: A Contemporary Sample," Pediatrics 101, no. 4 (April 1998), e9; William N. Friedrich, Theo G. M. Sandfort, Jacqueline Osstveen, and Peggy T. Cohen-Kettensis, "Cultural Differences in Sexual Behavior: 2-6 Year Old Dutch and American Children," Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 12, nos. 1-2 (2000): 117-29; Allie C. Kilpatrick, Long-Range Effects of Child and Adolescent Sexual Experiences: Myths, Mores, Menaces (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992); Sharon Lamb and Mary Coakley, "'Normal' Childhood Sexual Play and Games: Differentiating Play from Abuse," Child Abuse and Neglect 17 (1993): 515-26; Floyd M. Martinson, The Sexual Life of Children (Westport, Conn.: Bergin and Garvey, 1994); Paul Okami, Richard Olmstead, and Paul R. Abramson, "Sexual Experiences in Early Childhood: 18-Year Longitudinal Data for the UCLA Family Lifestyles Project," Journal of Sex Research 34, no. 4 (1997): 339-47; Jany Rademakers, Marjoke Laan, and Cees J. Straver, "Studying Children's Sexuality from the Child's Perspective," Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 12, nos. 1-2 (2000): 49-60; and sources at note 32. 28. Friedrich et al., "Normative Sexual Behavior in Children" (1998). 29. Johnson, "Behaviors Related to Sex and Sexuality in Preschool Children." 30. J. Attenberry-Bennett, "Child Sexual Abuse: Definitions and Interventions of Parents and Professionals," Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Education, University of Virginia, 1987. 31. Okami, Olmstead, and Abramson, "Sexual Experiences in Early Childhood." 32. Evan Greenwald and Harold Leitenberg, "Long-Term Effects of Sexual Experiences with Siblings and Nonsiblings during Childhood," Archives of Sexual Behavior 18, no. 5 (1989): 389. Similar results were reported in Harold Leitenberg, Evan Greenwald, and Matthew J. Tarran, "The Relation between Sexual Activity among Children during Preadolescence and/or Early Adolescence and Sexual Behavior and Sexual Adjustment in Young Adulthood," Archives of Sexual Behavior 18, no. 4 (1989): 299 ff. 33. Martinson's informants related stories of intercourse, fellatio, and anal intercourse, as well as more "childish" practices of looking and mutual masturbation. 34. Clellan S. Ford and Frank A. Beach, Patterns of Sexual Behavior (New York: Harper and Row, 1951), 197, 188. 35. Cunningham and MacFarlane, When Children Abuse, 28. 36. Theo Sandfort and Peggy Cohen-Kettensis, "Parents' Reports about Children's Sexual Behaviors," paper presented at the Twenty-first Annual Meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research, September 1995. 37. Friedrich et al., "Normative Sexual Behavior in Children" (1998). 38. Okami, "'Slippage' in Research in Child Sexual Abuse." 39. Lamb and Coakley, "'Normal' Childhood Sexual Play and Games." This finding, it should be noted, troubled the authors. 40. Martha Shirk, "Emotional Growth Programs 'Save' Teens, Stir Fears," Youth Today 8 (May 1999); Martha Shirk, "Kid Help or Kidnapping?" Youth Today 8 (June 1999). 41. Contract between offenders and parents and Sexual Treatment & Education Program and Services (STEPS), 2555 Camino Del Rio South, Ste. 101, San Diego, Calif. (last revised September 19, 1994). 42. Practices at STEPS may have changed, but, considering the literature on children who molest that has come out since, I have no reason to believe it has. 43. U.S. District Court (Vermont), Civil Action No. 2: 93-CV-383: Robert Goldstein et al. v. Howard Dean et al. 44. Testimony of Dr. Fred Berlin in Goldstein et al. v. Dean et al. 45. NCCAN Discretionary Grants, FY 1991, award no. 90CA1470. 46. Other research also strongly interrogates, and condemns, sex-specific treatment for young violent sex offenders as well. One study compared boys who had committed exceedingly brutal sex crimes with other young violent offenders and found that both groups had survived childhoods afflicted by severe violence but not by sexual abuse and that the two groups exhibited identical psychiatric and neurological disorders, including depression, auditory hallucinations, paranoia, and often "grossly abnormal EEGs" or epilepsy. "The assumption that sexually assaultive offenders differ neuropsychiatrically from other kinds of violent offenders, which has led to the establishment of specific programs for sex offenders," the researchers concluded, "must ... be questioned in the light of our data." Dorothy Otnow Lewis, Shelley S. Shankok, and Jonathan H. Pincus, "Juvenile Male Sexual Assaulters," American journal of Psychiatry 136, no. 9 (September 1979): 1194-96. 47. Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, "Pederasty among Primitives: Institutionalized Initiation and Cultic Prostitution," in Male Intergenerational Intimacy, ed. Theo Sandfort, Edward Brongersma, and Alex van Naerssen (New York: Hawthorn Press, 1991), 13-30; William H. Davenport, "Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in The Sexual Abuse of Children: Theory and Research, vol. 1, ed. William O'Donohue and James H. Geer (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Ehrlbaum Associates, 1992), 73-80. 48. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975). In 2001, the conviction by a United Nations war-crimes tribunal of three Bosnian Serbs for the rapes of captive Muslim women and girls marked the first time in history that "sexual slavery" has been designated a crime against humanity, deemed one of the most heinous crimes. Marlise Simons, "3 Serbs Convicted in Wartime Rapes," New York Times, February 23, 2001.