The meanings of many of the common English prepositions are already embodied in the case endings of the Russian nouns and pronouns; the most obvious instance is, of course, the implicit rendering of the preposition "of" by the genitive case, the preposition "by" with the instrumental, for example, применённый автором
(applied by the author), etc. The table below gives some of the more commonly used Russian prepositions, including adverbial participles, and the corresponding cases together with some typical phrases.