Akhenaten

Irina Dybko, Akhenaton, poema z zhyttia drevenogo Iegyptu (Akhenaten, Poems and Musings on Ancient Egypt; English title Akhnaton (Pharaoh of Egypt 18-th Dynasty)), Buenos Aires: Julian Serediak (poetry).

Christian Jacq, La Reine Soleil: I'aimee du Toutankhamon, Paris: Julliard.

Anton Gill, City of the. Horizon, London: Bloomsbury.

Dorothy Porter, Akhenaten, St Lucia, Australia: University of Queensland Press (poetry).

1995 Jagdish Mann, Nefertiti's Eye (short story published on the World Wide Web http://www.sherryart.com/newstory/nefertiti.html).

1995 Daniel Blair Stewart, Akhunaton: The Extraterrestrial King, Berkeley, CA: Frog Ltd.

Judith Tarr, Pillar of Fire, New York: Tom Doherty Associates.

Tom Holland, The Sleeper in the Sands, London: Little, Brown.

NOTES

NOTES TO PAGES 1-19

Akhenaten in the mirror

Lilly 1895: 632.

Hall 1913: 298.

Letter in the collection of Mrs Julie Hankey, Arthur Weigall's granddaughter: repro­duced with her kind permission.

Kipling to Rider Haggard, quoted in Addy 1998: 93-4.

Kahlo, quoted in Herrera 1989: 482. I was unable to consult the original version of this lccturc (in the Mexican periodical Tin-Tan).

Contra (e.g.) Lant 1992, Frayling 1992, though noted by Curl 1982: 188.

Petrie 1894: 2.

Gilroy 1993: 188.

Histories of Akhenaten

Rcspcctivcly Redford 1984: 234-5, Arnold 1996: 114; Aldred 1988: 182, Tyldesley 1998: 149. Older biographies by non-specialists — e.g. F. Gladstone Bratton, The Heretic Pharaoh (London: Robert Hale Ltd, 1961), J. Collier, King Sun: In Search of Akhen­aten (1970), and R. Silverberg, Akhenaten: The Rebel Pharaoh (1964) — arc extremely derivative, though still important in forming perceptions.

Redford 1984: 234-5.

Aldred 1973: 79.

There is a good short summary in Murnane 1995: 4—15 which also takes the reader to the primary sources on which my summary here is based. Baines 1998 is invaluable for the relationship of Amunhotep Ill's reign to the Amarna period.

On a possible birthdate for Akhenaten which would make him about 28 at his acces­sion, see Bell 1985: 293 and Ray 1985: 86.

There is a huge literature on the co-regency question. The most balanced discussion is still that in Murnane 1977: 123-69; for more rcccnt bibliography see Eaton-Krauss 1990: 544-55 (sceptical); Johnson 1996 and 1998 (pro a long co-regency).

Gohary 1992: 39, 167.

Aldred 1968: 193-4, 258; Kemp 1972.

Text in Murnane and Van Siclcn 1993: 21, 25; translation in Murnane 1995: 75.

For Akhet-aten as anti-Thebes, see Cannuyer 1985; Murnane and Van Siclen 1993: 171. For the ritual/political significance of the architecture of Akhet-aten and Thebes and their relationship, see O'Connor 1989 and 1998, and Mallinson 1995: 207-9, 214-15.

Richards 1999: 91-8.

Text in Murnane and Van Siclen 1993: 21, 25; translation in Murnane 1995: 77-8; full translation of boundary stela K in Murnane 1995: 73-81.

See Bell 1998: 131 for further references. On the akh generally, see Englund 1978.

Mallinson 1995: 208; see also Martin 1989: 25-6 and plates 29-31 on the representa­tions of the Aten in Akhenaten's burial chambcr.

Baines 1998: 282-3 and 301 with footnote 123; Kemp 1989: 314-15.

lor 'traditional' gods among non-elites, see Peet and Woolley 1923: 25, 66, 96-8 with Plate 28 (the gods Shed, Bcs and Taweret), Pinch 1983, and Kemp 1989: 301—5, with references; on elite worship of the royal couplc, see Ikram 1989, especially 100.

Wente 1990: 89; he also translates these letters and other correspondence from Akhet- aten on pp. 94-6.

The best account of Amarna as a city is still Kemp 1989: 261 317.

E.g. Stuart 1879: 85.

Sec Endruwcit 1989 and 1994; a different picture in Shaw 1992.

Scenes reproduced in Davies 1905a, plates XXXIII and XXXVII.

See Trigger 1981: 168, 181. On the Gem-pa-Aten monuments and in the Amarna tombs, Akhenaten is often accompanied by a military escort, which may indicate that he liked to surround himself with the usual military panoply as much as that he needed protec­tion because his reforms were so unpopular (Redford 1988: 139). In Amarna art, Akhenaten is shown in the conventional dominant relationship over the enemies of Egypt. An illustrated papyrus from Amarna with a battle scene may also be related to this (now in the British Museum, inv. EA 74100).

Martin 1989: 37-41, 42-8, and plates 58, 63, 68.

Krauss 1978, especially 45, 71, lOOff; for the other theory, Harris 1974b.

Text in Gardiner 1928: 10-11 (lines 9-13); translated in Murnane 1995: 208.

See Hornung 1982: 219-20.

Ray 1975 on Tutankhamun's parentage still convinces.

For translation of full text see Murnane 1995: 212-14.

Texts in Gardiner 1938 (sebiu) and Gaballa 1977: 25, Plate LXIII S14 (kheru), the latter translated in Murnane 1995: 241. On execration of Akhenaten see Redford 1986: 252.

Redford 1984: 233.