Akhenaten

E.g. Dyer 1998: 35. For these 'star' readings of Amunhotep and Tiye's lifestyle, see e.g. Desroches-Noblecourt [1963] 1972: 103-4; Aldred 1988: 163-6.

E.g. Redford 1984: 52-4; Desroches-Noblecourt [1963] 1972: 110, Tyldesley 1998: 32-3.

Redford 1984: 36.

For Tiye's origins see Aldred 1988: 146-7, 219-21; on the role of Mutemwiya, Berman 1998: 6.

On these scarabs, sec Blankenbcrg-van Delden 1969: 3—16.

Thomas 1981 shows clearly how confused the early archaeology of Gurob was. Arnold 1996: 28 35 is sceptical that the palace at Gurob belonged to Tiye.

Redford 1984: 57-8: compare Tyldesley 1998: 38-9; Aldred 1988: 231-6.

Meskell 1994: 39-43.

On dwarves see Dascn 1993: 156-8; on twins Baines 1985b: 479-80.

Sec Assmann 1997: 255, footnote 48. Meskell 1997b gives a useful review and critique of recent work on women in ancient Egypt, which she believes paints an anachronistic and falsely optimistic picture of their status.

E.g. Redford 1984: 233; Aldred 1988: 259; Tyldesley 1998: 39 (who seems to have misunderstood the useful comments of Ray 1985: 85). Dodson 1990 is more impartial.

E.g. Redford 1984: 234; Tyldesley 1998: 79.

SeeFeucht 1985, especially 43-4.

Lohr 1974 for Akhenaten at Heliopolis, followed by Aldred 1988: 259-60; Redford 1984: 59 disagrees. See also Baines 1998: 300-1 with footnotes 117 and 118.

Hayes 1951: 159, 172 figure 27 (KK).

Pendlebury et al. 1951 I: 200; see Baines 1998: 292 with footnotes 72 and 74.

Pendlebury et al. 1951 II: XCI no. 185, translated in Murnanc 1995: 95 (C4). On Akhenaten and Heliopolitan cults, sec Baines 1998: 300-1 with footnotes 117 and 118.

Breasted 1912: 335.

Murnane 1995: 113-14, text from Davics 1908b: 29-31, and plates xxvii and xli. For a useful bibliography on the 'hymn' and Psalm 104, see Assmann 1997: 262, footnote 74.

Murnane 1995: 158-9, text from Davies 1908b: Plate xxxviii.

Baines 1998: 281, and generally 276-88.

Assmann 1995: 17-30 summarises his many other works on the subject.

Berman 1998: 17-18; see also Baines 1998: 300-1.

Martin 1974: 96 no. 414; see also Murnane 1995: 94 (E2); Aldred 1968: 192; Trigger 1981: 180.

See Parkinson 1999.

Murnane 1995: 12.

Text in Habachi 1965: 86.

Shanks and Tilley 1987: 70.

These arc all too numerous: Gardner [1926] 1996: 43, 91; Stokstad 1998: 120; Groenewegen-Frankfort [1951] 1986: 97.

Cooney 1965: 4. At the time of writing I was unable to consult Freed et al. 1999.

Ikram 1989: 101; but see Wente 1990: 89.

Cooney 1965: 4.

There are all too many examples: see e.g. Pendlebury 1935: 130-1; Desroches- Noblecourt [1963] 1972: 120; Aldred 1980: 173-4; Drawer 1985: 190-1; Hari 1985: 18, 26. The remarks of Frankfort 1929: 2 3 and Kemp 1989: 224 5 and 279 provide a corrective.

Murnane 1995: 15.

See the references in Aldred 1988: 311.

Burridge 1995. Gay Robins refuted Burridge's theory convincingly in a paper given at the 49th annual meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt, Los Angeles, April 1998: a full treatment of this by Professor Robins is in progress.

Forster [1927] 1962: 168.

Cullcrne Bown 1991: 178.

See LA IV 338—11.

Davies, quoted in Aldred 1982: 89.

Kemp 1985: 317, with footnotes 51-9; Kemp and Garfi 1993: 10; for the Ramessidc reoccupation see Pcet and Woollcy 1923: 128-9, 160.

Davies 1905b, Plate XXV; Clackson 1999: 268-70, with bibliography.

For an excellent discussion of the Coptic texts from Amarna, see Clackson 1999.

On this generally, see Assmann 1997: 1-143.

A reading of Herodotus II 124 proposed in Meltzer 1989.

Manetho, preserved in Josephus, Against Apion I 232-7. On Manetho and Akhenaten, see Vcrbrugghe and Wickersham 1996: 104-5, 199. See also Helek 1956: 38-41.

Redford 1986: 276-94; see also Assmann 1997: 30-5.

Campanella [1623] 1981: 109-10.

Terrasson 173211:431.

Clarkson 1836a: 168.

Ibid.: 169.

3 The archaeologies of Amarna

Graffito no. 1 in Davies 1905b, Plate XXXV (the Greek could also be rendered as 'having sailed here up-river'); the other graffiti are nos. 29, 32, 3, 44, 31 respectively in Davies 1905b, Plate XXXV For Catullinus and his visits to Amarna, see Foertmcyer 1989: 18 and 95.

On the numen of Amarna, see Kemp and Garfi 1993: 10; Richards 1999. See Foert- meyer 1989: 314-15 for a tabular analysis of the Amarna graffiti. One person (Davies 1905b, Plate XXXV, no. 31) travelled in the month of Mesore, late in August, at the height of the flood; other graffiti dated to months were written in mid-Choiak, early Dcccmbcr, when the weather would have been more bearable (Davies 1905b, Plate XXXV nos. 35, 40). In some cases the graffiti from Ahmose's tomb are better tran­scribed in Letronne 1848 II: 454-9 (nos. DVII—DXXIV); he includes some omitted by Davies.

For a useful narrative account of the excavations at Amarna, see Aldred 1982: prob- lematised by Kemp 1989: 261-317 and Shaw 1999. I was unable to consult Young and Bcitzcl 1994.

Champollion 1844 II: 319-20.

Chubb 1954: 32; for a recent example of the same see Winkelman 1999.

Aldred 1973: 1 17.

Lucas 1731: 126-8.