Akhenaten

Breasted 1938: 105, which clearly influenced Afrocentrist historian Cheikh Anta Diop; see e.g. Diop 1974: 6.

Kirschke 1995, plates 19 and 21.

Du Bois 1947: 129 30, quoting Graves 1943: xix. See also Drake 1987: 206-17.

See Van Deburg 1997: 275-88.

Afroeentrism is often criticised for this; see Roth 1998: 222-6; Gilroy 1993: 187-91; Masolo 1994: 18-24.

I am indebted to Lance Lewis for sending me a copy of this pack, which I would never have seen otherwise.

Karcnga, quoted in Van Deburg 1997: 285.

See Murnane 1995: 190, 187, 185.

Asante 1992: 84.

Asante 1988: 14.

Richardson and Walker-John 1991:8-9.

Respectively, Richardson and Walker-John 1991: 6; West 1985: 216-17, 233-4; Rolfe 1976; Besant 1991; Richardson and Walker-John 1991: 97. See also Bromage 1953: 34-40.

Strong and Macklin 1993, chapter III , 'The Real Birth of Aphrodite'.

Dupuis docs not seem to refer to Sicard directly, but his main archaeological source for Egypt is C. de Pauw's Recherches philosophiques et scientifiques sur Its Egyptiens et les Chinois (Berlin, 1773), who docs mention Sicard. On Dupuis, see Godwin 1994: 32-4.

My forthcoming article in Paranormal magazine will examine this case fully.

Hulme and Wood 1937: 42, 158 -9.

Norman 1959: 17; see also 12-18, 76.

At the Fellowship of Isis gathering, London, 26 September 1997, and a day school on Akhenaten at Leeds City Museum and Art Gallery, 25 July 1998, I spoke with a number of people who believed they had had various kinds of spiritual contact with Akhenaten; for obvious reasons, they cannot be named. Their accounts were compar­able to published ones of past lives at Amarna, e.g. Cott 1989: 201-7.

Respectively www.theion.com.foundation/sanctuaryl.htm;www.floweroflife.org/vii/; www.ruhr.de/homc/amarna/index.html. For analysis of Egypt on the web, see Meskell 1997a.

Myers 1979: 7; dustjacket to Caldecott 1982.

See e.g. West 1985: 97-8 and Ozaniec 1994: 18-40, both of which are influenced by the works of R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz.

See Purkess 1996: 30-4; Meskell 1998b.

Sitwell 1942: 91-6.

See Dubuffct 1965a and 1965b; Nottcr et al. 1988, especially 63-5.

Sec Notter et al. 1988passim, cspccially plate 64 (page 102); plates 178-81 (pages 180-1).

Notter et al. 1988, plate 24. Unfortunately, the whereabouts of Anciennes religions disparues is now unknown and the quality of the plate in Nottcr's catalogue is too poor to reproduce.

My translation from Moindre's text of a long spirit communication dated 1952, quoted in Dubuffet 1965b: 112-13 (Dubuffet mistranscribed Amenophis IIII as Amenophis II). French popular books on ancicnt Egyptian art from the 1920s and 1930s often refer to Akhenaten as Amenophis IV (e.g. J. Capart, Lepns sur I'art egyptien (1920)), so Lesage and Moindre may be using this convention.

Besant 1991: it is not clear from the book how long she continued to receivc messages from him. 'Maisie Besant' may be a pseudonym honouring Annie Besant, president of the Theosophical Society from 1907 to 1933.

Besant 1991: 28.

Ibid: 56.

Steiner [1919] 1985: 3-18.

Blavatsky 1888 II: 1.

Its latest incarnation is Graham Hancock's Fingerprints of the Gods (1995). On the antiquity of the Pyramids denied by Egyptologists, sec Blavatsky 1888 I: 432 and 1888 II: 429-32. Roth 1998: 220-2 discusses the importance of television documentaries in fuelling theories about Atlantis and Egypt.

See Washington 1993: 163-7; Roth 1998: 220.

Rolfe 1976: 144, 145-56; see also 104, 106. It may or may not be significant that the detail of Nefertiti's fatal heart disease appears in several of the Amarna novels, such as Merezhkovsky [1924] 1927.

Rolfe 1976: 99, 103, 105, 115, 30.

Saakana 1988: introduction (unpaginatcd).

James 1954: 177-8. For other versions of the black Moses, see e.g. Albert Cleage, quoted in Van Deburg 1997: 233-4.

On Farrakhan generally, see Singh 1997; Gardell 1996.

'Time Must Dictate Our Agenda', in the Nation of Islam newspaper The Final Call, 11 May 1989, quoted in Gardell 1996: 154.

See Gardell 1996: 176-81.

From Farrakhan's speech at the Million Man March, 16 October 1995. Incidentally, the Aten-disc often has nineteen rays (as on the famous window of appearances scene from the tomb of Parennefer) but twelve, fifteen and twenty-one rays are just as usual.

From Farrakhan's speech at the Million Man March, 16 October 1995; quoted in Magida 1996: 195.

Asante 1992: 156.

Ginzburg 1980: 51.

6 Literary Akhenatens

Interview with Tom Holland, London, 24 October 1997.

Forster [1927] 1962: 168.

Grimm 1992 and 1993.

Alcott's Lost in a Pyramid, or the Mummy's Curse (1869); Stoker's The Jewel of Seven Stars (1904); Doyle's Lot No. 249 (1892).

Eckenstcin 1924: 74.

Mcrczhovsky [1924] 1927; Stacton 1958; Maiden 1949; Vidal [1961] 1965; Hawkes 1966, etc.

Phillpotts 1926; Strunsky 1928; Berry 1938; Morrison 1938; Clarke Wilson 1948; Gill 1991.