Europe's inner demons

5 For texts see R. H. Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, 2 vols., Oxford, 1913. For a good survey see H. H. Rowley, The relevance of Apocalyptic, 2nd edn., London, 1947. How far the growth of Jewish demonology was due to Iranian influence, and how much Satan owes to the Zoroastrian spirit of destruction Ahriman, has been much debated and remains uncertain. For recent contributions see J. Duchesne-Guillemin, Ormazd et Ahriman, Paris, 1953, and R. C. Zaehner, The dawn and twilight of Zoroastrianism, London, 1961.

6 I Enoch 10:1-11 (Charles, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 193-4).

7 I Enoch 15:11 (Ibid., p. 198).

8 I Enoch 19:1 (Ibid., p. 200).

9 Jubilees 11:4 seq. (Ibid., p. 29).

10 Testament of Levy 19:1 (Ibid., p. 315).

11 G. Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English, London, 1962, p. 124.

12 Ibid., pp. 140-1.

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13 For recent accounts see G. B. Caird, Principalities and Powers: a study in Pauline theology, Oxford, 1956, and H. A. Kelly,

op. cit.

14 John 8:44.

15 II Corinthians 4:4.

16 Acts 26:18.

17 I Corinthians 10:20. The Greek text of the New Testament uses “diabolos” for Satan only. For a lesser evil spirit the word is “daimon” which, though the Revised Version renders it as “devil”, ought to be translated as “demon”.

18 John 12:31.

19 John 16:11.

20 Hebrews 2:14.

21 I Peter 5:8.

22 Revelation 20:10.

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23 I Enoch 69:4–6 (Charles, op. cit., vol. II, p. 233).

24 Latin Vita, 9, 1 (Ibid., p. 136); Apocalypsis Mosis, 16–20 (Ibid., pp. 145-6).

25 Ephesians 6:12; cf. Ephesians 2:2.

26 Augustine, Enarratio in Psalmum cxlviii

, 9 (Pat. lat., vol. 37, col. 1943).

27 Augustine, De divinatione daemonum, cap. iii, 7 (Pat. lat., vol. 40, cols. 584-5).

28 Ephesians 6:12.

29 Irenaeus, Adversus haereses, lib. V, cap. xxiv.

30 Tertullian, Apologeticum, cap. xxii.

31 Origen, Contra Celsum, lib. VIII, 31-2.

32 Justin, Apologia I, 55 seq.

33 Justin, Apologia I, 5, 12 and 14; Origen, Exhortatio ad martyrium, 18 and 32 (Pat. graec., vol. 11, cols. 585-8, 603).

34 Cyprian, Liber de unitate Ecclesiae, 15 (Pat. lat., vol. 4, col. 527).

35 Jerome, Liber contra Vigilantium, 9 (Pat. lat., vol. 23, cols. 363-4).

36 Tertullian, Apologeticum, cap. xxiii; Cyprian, Ad Demetrianum, 15 (Pat. lat., vol. 4, cols. 574-5).

37 Sulpicius Severus, Dialogus III, cap. vi.

38 Shepherd of Hermas, Mandates VII and XII.

39 Irenaeus, Adversus haereses, lib. II, cap. xxxii.

40 Tertullian, Apologeticum, cap. xxiii.

41 Origen, Homilia in librum Jesu Nave, XV (Pat. graec., vol. 12, cols. 897 seq.).

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42 Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica, lib. V, cap. xxi.

43 Gregory the Great, Dialogi, lib. III, cap. vii.

44 Acta Sanctorum, 5 August, para. 9.

45 Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus miraculorum, Book III, chapter 26. A convenient edition of the Dialogus in Latin is that by J. Strange, 2 vols., Cologne, 1851. There is an English translation by H. von Scott and C. C. Swinton Bland, 2 vols., London, 1929. On the demonological aspects of the work see Ph. Schmidt, Der Teufels- und Dämonenglaube in den Erzählungen des Caesarius von Heisterbach, Basel, 1926.

46 Ibid., Book V, chapter 2.

47 Ibid., Book III, chapters 6, 7.

48 Ibid., Book V, chapter 5.

49 Ibid., Book V, chapter 7.

50 Ibid., Book V, chapter 44.

51 Ibid.

, Book V, chapter 42.

52 Ibid., Book V, chapter 18.

53 Ibid., Book V, chapter 17.

54 Ibid., Book V, chapter 9.

55 Ibid., Book V, chapter 28.

56 Ibid., Book V, chapter 30.

57 Ibid., Book V, chapter 31.

58 Ibid., Book V, chapter 24.

59 Ibid., Book V, chapter 26.

60 Ibid., Book XII, chapter 4.

61 Richalmus, Liber Revelationum de insidiis et versutiis daemonum adversus homines, in B. Pez, Thesaurus anecdotorum novissimus, vol. I, part 2, Augsburg, 1721, cols. 374 seq.

62 Richalmus, op. cit., cap. lxxiii, col. 440.

63 Ibid., cap. xliv, col. 440.

64 Ibid., cap. lxx, col. 438.

65 Ibid., cap. iii, col. 385.

66 Ibid., cap. iv, col. 387.

67 Ibid., cap. xli, col. 421.

68 Ibid., cap. xii, col. 398.

69 Ibid., caps, xvii, xxii, xxviii, xxx, cols. 403-4, 410-11, 414-16, 417-18.

70 Ibid., cap. i, col. 380.