Кто мы? Вызовы американской национальной идентичности

¹¹ Gilles Kepel, Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World (University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994). See also Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Peter L. Berger, ed., The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999); David Westerlund, ed., Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics (London: Hurst, 1996).

¹² Ivor Jennings, The Approach to Self-Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), p. 56, quoted in Dankwart A. Rustow, “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model”,

Comparative Politics, 2 (April 1970), p. 351.

¹³ Charles Tilly, “Reflections on the History of European State-Making”, in Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 42.

¹⁴ Peter Wallensteen and Margareta Sollenberg, “Armed Conflict, 1989–1999”, Journal of Peace Research, 39 (September 2000), p. 638.

¹⁵ Bill Clinton, quoted in The Tennessean, 15 June 1997, p. 10.

¹⁶

Karmela Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes: A Social Psychological Study: Maintenance and Reconstruction of Ethnolinquistic Identity in Multiple Group Allegiance (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarium Fennica, 1984), p. 42; Erik H. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York: Norton, 1968), p. 9 and quoted by Leon Wieseltier, “Against Identity”, New Republic, 28 November 1994, p. 24; Wieseltier, Against Identity (New York: W. Drenttel, 1996), and Kaddish (New York: Knopf, 1998).

¹⁷ Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, “Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security”, in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 59.

¹⁸ K. Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes, p. 51, citing Henri Tajfel, “Interindividual behaviour and intergroup behaviour” in Tajfel, H., ed., “Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations”, European Monographs in Social Psychology, no. 14, (London: Academic Press, 1978), p. 27–60.

¹⁹ Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationalism (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1987), p. 115.

²⁰ Ibid; Jonathan Mercer, “Anarchy and Identity”, International Organization, 49 (Spring 1995), p. 250.

²¹

Josef Goebbels, quoted in Jonathan Mercer, “Approaching Hate: The Cognitive Foundations of Discrimination”, CISAC (Stanford University, January 1994), p. 1; Andrе Malraux, Man’s Fate (New York: Random House, 1969), p. 3 cited by Robert D. Kaplan, “The Coming Anarchy”, Atlantic Monthly, 273 (February 1994), p. 72; Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, “Why War?”, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1964), p. 199–215.

²² Vamik D. Volkan, “The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach”, Political Psychology, 6 (June 1985) p. 219, 243, 247; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships (Northvale, N.J.: J. Aronson, 1994), p. 35; Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 162–177.