Парадокс мудрости. Научное опровержение «старческого слабоумия». Революционный взгляд на мышление человека

Prefrontal regions in charge of overall decision making vs. task subcomponents: Koechlin, E., Basso, G., Pietrini, P., Panzer, S., & Grafman, J. (1999). The role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition. Nature, 399(6732), 148-151.

Prefrontal cortical activation in rational problem solving: Kroger, J, K., Sabb, F. W, Fales, С L., Bookheimer, S. Y, Cohen, M. S., & Holyoak, K. J. (2002). Recruitment of anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human reasoning: a parametric study of relational complexity. Cereb Cortex, 72(5), 477-485.

Prefrontal resources in inductive and deductive reasoning: Osherson, D., Perani, D., Cappa, S., Schnur, T, Grassi, E, & Fazio, F. (1998). Distinct brain loci in deductive versus probabilistic reasoning. Neuropsychogia, 36(4), 369-376.

Executive memories: Fuster, J. M. (2003). Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Frontal lobes serve as the repository of executive memories: Ibid.

Intentionality, ethical behavior, morality and empathy as subjects of cognitive neuroscience and experimental psychology: Goldberg, E. (2001; paperback 2002). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

Social neuroscience: Cacioppo, J. T. (2002). Foundations in Social Neuroscience. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Behavioral economics: Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2000). Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Neuroeconomics: Sanfey, A. G., Rilling J. K., Aronson J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decisionmaking in the ultimatum game. Science,

300(5626), 1755-1758.

Neuromarketing: Thompson, C. (October 26, 2003). «There Is as Sucker Born in Every Medial Prefrontal Cortex.» New York Times Magazine, 54-57.

Functional neuroimaging and political commercials: Tierney, J. (April 20, 2004). «Using M.RI.’s to See Politics on the Brain.» The New York Times, pp. Al, A17.

Capital punishment in the mentally retarded: Beckman, M. (2004). Neuroscience. Crime, culpability, and the adolescent brain. Science, 305(5684. 596-599.

Figure 12: Adapted from Vogeley, K., Podell, K., Kukolja, J., Schilbach, L., Goldberg, E., Zilles, K, et al. (2003). Recruitment of the Left Prefrontal Cortex in Preference-Based Decisions in Males (fMRI Study). Paper presented at the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, New York.

Figure 13: Adapted from Brodmann, K. (1909). Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth.

Creation of Adam spin-off: Goldberg, E. (2001; paperback 2002). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

Frontal lobes in empathy: Singer, Т., Seymour, В., O’Doherty, J., Raube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, С D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303(5661), 1157-1162.

Frontal lobes in theory of mind: Fletcher, P. C, Happe, F., Frith, U., Baker. S. C, Dolan, R. J., Frackowiak, R. S., et al. (1995). Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of «theory of mind» in story comprehension. Cognition, 57(2), 109-128.; Stone, V Ei, Baron-Cohen, S., & Knight, R. T. (1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. / Cogn Neurosci,

10(5), 640-656.

Lack of insight following frontal damage: Goldberg, E. (2001; paperback 2002). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the _ Civilized Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

Criminality, antisocial personality, and impulsive aggression linked to prefrontal dysfunction: Raine, A., Buchsbaum, M., & LaCasse, L. (1997). Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry, 42(6), 495-508; Raine, A., Lencz, Т., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L., & Colletti, P. (2000): Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57(2), 119-127; discussion 128-119.

Causal learning and the frontal lobes: Turner, D. C. Aitken, M. R, Shanks, D R, Sahakian, B. J., Robbins, T. W, Schwarzbauer, C, et al. (2004). The role of the lateral frontal cortex in causal associative learning: exploring preventative and super-learning. Cereb Cortex, 14(8), 872-880.