Russia. A History

C. Ross (ed.), Local Politics and Democratization in Russia (New York, 2009), essays on politics in the Putin era, accenting the residual power at local level despite Putin’s ‘vertikal’.

R. Sakwa, Putin: Russia’s Choice (2nd edn., London, 2008), richly detailed account of Putin’s objectives and difficulties.

———Russian Politics and Society (4th edn., New York, 2008), systematic and unusually dispassionate analysis of the Putin era.

L. Shevtsova, Putin’s Russia (Washington, 2003), critical treatment of Putin’s policies and power.

———Russia—Lost in Transition: The Yeltsin and Putin Legacies (Washington, DC, 2007), negative assessment of post-Soviet governments.

S. White (ed.), Politics and the Ruling Group in Putin’s Russia (New York, 2008), articles on élite politics, the ‘oligarchs’, and decision-making.

INTERNET SITES

http://www.gov.ru home site of the Russian government, with links to the office of the president, parliament, and various ministries and state agencies

http://rferl.org/newsline/search/org archive of daily news reports since 1997

http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/default.html archive of news reports, short articles, commentaries, and documents since 1996.

PHOTOGRAPHIC ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

© The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia/The Bridgeman Art Library: 5, 6; © Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow/The Bridgeman Art Library: 7; © Camera Press: 16; © Roberto Koch/Contrasto/Eyevine: 17; © Hulton Archive/Getty Images: 8; © Robert Harding Picture Library: 12; © David King Collection; 11, 13; © Jack Kollmann: 2; © AP/Press Association Images: 18; © Rex Features: 10; © RIA Novosti: 4, 14, 15; © GIM Collection/State/Historical Museum, Moscow: 3; © Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow: 1; © V&A Images, The Victoria & Albert Museum: 9

INDEX

Abkhazia 520–1

ABM see Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

abortion 332–3, 361, 482, 550

Abramovich, R. 525

absolutism 45, 86, 92, 161, 166, 186

Academy of Sciences 115, 118–9, 130, 162–3, 174, 287, 447, 482

‘acceleration’ (uskorenie) 454, 456

acmeism 266, 388

Addison, J. 266, 338

Admiralty 120

Adrian, Patriarch 108, 119, 543

Adzhubei, A. 434

Afghanistan 428, 445, 448–9, 515, 553–4

Africa 389, 445

Aganbegian, A. 429–30, 453

Agapetus 59

Agricultural Sciences, Academy of 397

agriculture 34–7, 42, 66, 138, 145, 153, 209, 215–6, 218, 226, 280, 285, 302, 314, 316–7, 322–4, 326, 328, 335, 341–2, 344, 349, 354, 355, 363, 372, 386, 391, 397, 407, 411, 422, 424, 430–1, 440–1, 449–50, 452, 455–6, 475–6, 522

Ahasuerus and Esther 87

AIDS 483

Aivazovskii, I. 193

Akhmatova, A. 339, 396–7

Alaska 194

alcoholism 444, 453

Aleksandrov, G.A. 414

Alekseev, M.V. 296

Aleksii II, Patriarch 514, 562

Alexander I 165–6, 168, 185–6, 188, 191, 193, 202, 545–7

Alexander II 202, 223, 226, 230–2, 234, 240, 250, 256, 546

Alexander III 240, 256, 278, 547

Alexander Nevsky 15–16, 68, 539–40

Alexander of Tver 17, 19–20

Alexander the Great 123

Alexandra 271

Alexandria, patriarch of, 89

Alexis, Metropolitan 26, 58

Alexis, Tsar 79–80, 82–5, 87–8

Alexis, tsarevich 116, 120–2

All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik) 317; see also Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Alma-Ata, 464, 550, 554

alphabet, Cyrillic, 306, 543

Altai, 194, 481

Amsterdam 78, 93

Amur River 98, 441

Ancient Russian Library 164

Andreeva, N. 460, 554

Andrei, prince 12, 16, 539

Andrei (Bogoliubskii), prince 12, 539

Andropov, Iu. 418, 438, 447, 449, 452–3, 553

Andrusovo, Armistice of, 86, 98, 542

Anglo-Russian Trade Agreement (1921) 320

Anglo-Russian Trade Treaty (1734) 129

Anna 6

Anna Ivanovna, empress 116, 124–9, 131, 146, 544

Anna Leopol’dovna 128

Anna Petrovna 124

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) 517, 557, 559

Anti-Christ 97, 101

anti-party group 422, 552

anti-religious campaign 337, 350, 429

Antioch, patriarch of, 89

apanage (udel) 19, 38

‘April Theses’ 281

Arakcheev, A. 180

Aral Sea 372

Archangel 102–3, 129, 419, 542

architecture 6, 35, 56, 305, 337, 339, 357

‘archival revolution’ x

Arifmetika 109

Armenia 299, 426

army 4, 13, 22–4, 37–8, 45–9, 52, 59, 63, 67, 70, 72, 74, 77–9, 91, 109–15, 120, 124, 134, 159, 176–8, 180–1, 185, 191, 196, 211, 215–16, 255, 261, 264, 220, 270–1, 277, 280, 282, 287, 289, 293, 296–8, 300, 302–3, 327, 354, 365–6, 371, 374–82, 510–11, 550–1; see also military; soldiers

art 7, 22, 26, 190, 265–6, 299, 337–8, 387, 397, 429, 513

artel 349, 393

article 87: 258

artisan 7–8, 37, 39, 42, 47, 66, 101–2, 109, 138–9, 178, 180, 221, 223–4, 385, 395

Asia 119, 256, 300, 344, 419, 438, 444, 548, 555, 561

Assembly of Russian Factory Workers 250

Astrakhan 28, 32, 41, 51

atomic bomb 383, 399, 402, 552

Augustus II 106, 110, 113, 115–16

Austerlitz, 175

Austria 103–4, 106, 123, 129, 134–6, 175, 179, 195–6, 245, 256, 264, 270, 393, 544

Austria-Hungary 245, 256