The Great Terror

7. Anton Ciliga, The Russian Enigma (London, 1940), p. 48.

8. Ibid., p. 160.

9. Bukharin Trial, p. 160.

10. Nikita Khrushchev, Secret Speech.

11. Ibid.

12. Zinoviev Trial, p. 34.

13. Ocherki po istorii Leningrada (Moscow and Leningrad, 1964), vol. 4, p. 381.

14. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Permanent Purge (Cambridge, Mass., 1956), p. 226.

15. Lazurkina, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.

16. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.

17. Ibid.

18. Serdyuk, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.

19. Yu. M. Vecherova, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.

20. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge (New York, 1971), p. 347.

21. Moscow News, no. 48 (1988); Ocherki istorii Ivanovskoy organizatsii KPSS (Moscow, 1967).

22. A. N. Vasilev, “Are There Any More Questions?” Moskva, June 1964.

23. Merle Fainsod, Smolensk under Soviet Rule (Cambridge, 1958), p. 59.

24. Ibid., pp. 134–37.

25. Bakinskiy rabochiy, 17 June 1962.

26. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.

27. Ural’ skiy sledoput’, no. 8 (1988).

28. Ocherki istorii partiynoy organizatsii Tatarii (Kazan, 1962).

29. Arvo Tuominen, The Bells of the Kremlin (London, 1983), pp. 299ff.

30. Voprosy istorii, no. 9 (1988); Ogonek, no. 19 (1988).

31. Literaturnaya Rossiya, 25 March 1988.

32. Radio Moscow, 18 September 1964.

33. Bukharin Trial, p. 76.

34. K. T. Mazurov, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.

35. Ibid.

36. Sovetskaya Byelorossiya, 11 October 1988.

37. Rabochiy

, 8 June 1937.

38. Izvestiya, 23 May 1964.

39. Mazurov, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.

40. Rabochiy, 12 August 1937.

41. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), p. 92.

42. See Brzezinski, Permanent Purge, pp. 180–84.

43. See Robert Conquest, Inside Stalin’s Secret Police (London, 1985), p. 54.

44. Kommunist (Yerevan), 28 November 1963.

45. Boris I. Nicolaevsky, Notes to The Crimes of the Stalin Era (New York, 1956).

46. Pravda, 23 June 1929.

47. Pyatakov Trial, p. 74.

48. Bukharin Trial, p. 304.

49. Alexander Orlov, The Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes (New York, 1953), p. 249.

50. Zarya vostoka, 3 March 1989.

51. Byuletten oppozitsii, nos. 56–57 (1937).

52. Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 5 (1963).

53. Boris Souvarine, Stalin (London, 1949), p. 638.

54. Medvedev, Let History Judge, p. 269.

55. Dzhashi, speech to the XVIIIth Party Congress.

56. Pravda, 17 May 1937.

57. Ocherki istorii kommunisticheskoy partii Armenii (Yerevan, 1967), pp. 386–87.

58. Kommunist (Yerevan), 15 November 1963.

59. Ibid.; Shelepin, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.

60. Mary Matossian, The Impact of Soviet Politics in Armenia (Leiden, 1962); Ocherki istorii kommunisticheskoy partii Armenii, pp. 386–87.

61. Kommunist (Yerevan), 15 November 1961.

62. Zarya vostoka, 31 December 1937.

63. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), p. 100.

64. Robert S. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917–1957 (New York, 1963), p. 194.

65. S. Kossior, speech to the XIIIth Congress of the Communist Party of the Ukraine, 27 May 1937.

66. Pravda, 26 May 1937.

67. Pravda, 29 May 1937.

68. Partiynoe stroitel’ stvo, no. 15 (1937).

69. I. V. Stalin, Sobranie sochinenii

(Moscow, 1946–54), vol. 8, pp. 149–50.

70. Bukharin, conversation with Kamenev, July 1928.

71. G. A. Tokaev, Comrade X (London, 1956), p. 57.

72. Pyatakov, speech to the VIIIth Party Congress (Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, p. 32a).

73. See Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow (New York, 1986).

74. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, p. 193.

75. G. Petrovsky, speech to the XVIIth Party Congress.

76. Komsomolskoe znamya, 22 November 1988, 23 November 1988.

77. Posey, vol. 6, nos. 45 and 50 (1950); Vladimir Dedijer, Tito Speaks (London, 1953), p. 201.

78. Komsomolskoe znamya, 23 November 1988.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid.

81. Komsomolskoe znamya, 27 November 1988.

82. Pravda, 21 July 1937.

83. Pravda, 22 July 1937.

84. Pravda, 25 July 1937.

85. Komsomolskoe znamya, 27 November 1988.

86. Ibid.