The Great Terror

166. Pravda, 25 December 1964; Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1964).

167. G. Maryagin, Postyshev (Moscow, 1965), p. 247.

168. Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965).

169. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 3 (March 1965).

170. Pravda, 7 November 1937.

171. Pravda, 20 December 1937.

172. Bukharin Trial, p. 22.

173. Ibid., p. 23.

174. Lidiya Shatunovskaya, Zhizn’ v Kremle (New York, 1982), pp. 105–7.

175. Antonov-Ovseenko, Time of Stalin, p. 178.

176. Samizdat manuscript.

177. Politicheskiy dnevnik, no. 55 (1969).

178. Pravda, 21 December 1937.

179. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).

180. Pamyat

’, no. 3 (1980), p. 404.

181. Pravda, 19 January 1938.

182. Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo soyuza v rezolyutsiyakh i resheniyakh s”ezdov konferentsii i plenumov TsK, 7th ed. (Moscow, 1953), vol. 2.

183. Maryagin, Postyshev, p. 298.

184. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).

185. Radio Moscow, 8 February 1964.

186. Peter Yakir, “Letter to the Editor of Kommunist,” 2 March 1969, translated in Survey, nos. 70–71 (1969).

187. Pyatakov Trial, p. 207.

188. Stanislav Vinkentiyovich Kossior (in Ukrainian) (Kiev, 1963), p. 173.

189. Pravda, 28 January 1938.

190. Pervaya sessiia Verkhovnogo soveta SSSR (Moscow, 1938).

191. Yu. P. Petrov, Partiynoe stroitel’ stvo v Sovetskoy armii i flote (1918–1961) (Moscow, 1964), pp. 299–300.

192. Kommunisticheskaya partiya Sovetskogo soyuza v rezolyutsiyakh i resheniyakh s”ezdov konferentsii i plenumov TsK, 7th ed. (Moscow, 1954–60), vol. 2, p. 851.

193. Trud, 6 July 1988.

194. Roy Medvedev, On Stalin and Stalinism (Oxford, 1979), p. 217; Izvestiya, 11

August 1987.

195. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 313.

196. See Souvarine, Stalin, p. 575.

197. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 313.

198. Izvestiya, 11 August 1987.

Chapter 9: Nations in Torment

1. Nedelya, no. 5 (1988).

2. Argumenty i fakty, 13–19 February 1988.

3. Daily Mail, 24 October 1958.

4. Ilya Ehrenburg, in Novyy mir, no. 5 (1962).

5. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (London, 1947), p. 211.

6. Novyy mir, no. 9 (1961).

7. Moskva, no. 4 (1965).

8. Bilshovik Ukrainy, no. 1 (1938), p. 53.

9. Visti, 23 May 1938.

10. Visti

, 17 June 1938.

11. Visti, 14 February 1938.

12. XVIII s”ezd, 10–21 marta 1939 g. Stenograficheskiy otchet (Moscow, 1939).

13. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), pp. 166–71.

14. Ibid., p. 143.

15. Ibid., pp. 174–79.

16. Ogonek, no. 20 (1988).

17. Sovetskaya Byelorossiya, 3 March 1989.

18. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 448.

19. Alexander Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence (London, 1952), p. 364.

20. Moscow News, no. 42 (1988).

21. Ilya Ehrenburg, Men, Years, Life (New York, 1961), vol. 4, p. 45.

22. Krug, no. 574, p. 45.

23. Ilya Ehrenburg, in Novyy mir, no. 4 (1962).

24. Nikita Khrushchev, Secret Speech.

25. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Permanent Purge (Cambridge, Mass., 1956), p. 205.

26. Bukharin Trial

, p. 335.

27. See, for example, Lithuanian Bulletin (New York, 1945–50), vols. 3–8.

28. Report of the Credentials Commission to the XIXth Party Congress (Pravda, 9 October 1952).

29. Order no. 001233, quoted in Lithuanian Bulletin; see also Order no. 0054 of Lithuanian NKVD Commissar Gusevitius, in The Dark Side of the Moon (London, 1946), pp. 50–51.

30. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 213.

31. Yunost’, no. 3 (1988).

32. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), p. 137.

33. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge (New York, 1971), p. 234.

34. Trud, 7 January 1989

35. Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 20 April 1989.

36. Argumenty i fakty, no. 18 (September 1988).

37. Nedelya, 1 February 1988.

38. Ehrenburg, Men, Years, Life, vol. 4, pp. 193ff.

39. Louis Fischer, Men and Politics (London, 1941), p. 409.

40. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, pp. 88–89.

41. John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism (New York, 1963), p. 274.