Этносы и «нации» в Западной Европе в Средние века и раннее Новое время

In the Byzantine classification of neighbouring nations, of crucial importance was the basic logic of the Byzantine method of systematization and classification of objects, which was based upon elementary Aristotelian logic. The key concept of the Byzantine taxonomy derives from two related pairs of categories: 'Common / Special’ and 'Genus / Species’. The generic categories represent universal models and ideal types encompassing those individualities which exist in reality and which possess a certain sameness. However, the Byzantine taxonomic grid of similarities and differences, on the basis of which new information was incorporated into already existing models, differed significantly from the contemporary one. Unlike today’s ethnic classifications the Byzantines hardly used linguistic criteria. The Byzantine knowledge categorized nations by their locative features. Byzantine classification of the northeastern and eastern nations was primarily bipartite. The main generic categories designating Altai nomadic peoples were Eo0ai, Otivvoi and ToüpKoi. The most common was the name EKti0ai which could have been applied to the nomadic peoples who originated from the regions north and east of the Danube, the Northern Black Sea and Caspian Sea. A great variety of species (such as MaouayeTai, Eaupoparai, Taupooro0ai, nar^ivaKoi, Kotipavoi, MouyotiAroi, etc.) was subordinate to the generic notions of EKti0ai, Otivvoi and ToüpKoi. The name Перош designates people living east of the Byzantine border in the lands of Ancient Persia. In the eleventh through the fourteenth century, the category nepoai, whilst in principle becoming subordinate to the generic concept of Scythians / Huns / Turks, nonetheless had its own sub-species and was an exception rather than the rule.

I.IV. ETHNOLINGUISTIC CRITERIA USED TO DESCRIBE IRAN IN THE CRONICLE OF JOHN MALALAS

The present work deals with criteria used by John Malalas to describe Iran and investigates interrelation between the toponyms «Persis» and «Persian land» and the ethnonyms «Persians», «Parthians», «Medes», «Scyth-ians».

In the mechanism applied for the ethnic classification, primary importance is attached to genealogical, cultural, and geographic features. The logical basis of the Malala’s classification is represented by such categories as species and genus. The concept «Persian» risults to be a genus definition labeling the inhabitants of the Persian empire and all the subject of the Persian king.

II. FORMS OF ETHNO-NATIONAL IDENTITY: HISTORICAL REFLECTION, LEGAL THOUGHT AND CULTURAL PHENOMENA

II.I. «JUSTICE WAS BORN TOGETHER WITH FRANCE»: INSTITUTING OF PATRIOTISM

The article is devoted to the study of the role of Justice in the process of national identification in the period of the emergence of the Etat-nation in the Late Medieval France. The French national identity was constructed as a «political» type of nation with the King of France as the supreme judge at the center. The Royal function ofthe Justice represented by the Parliament of Paris obtained the central place in the propaganda of French national exclusivity. Paris was compared with Ancient Rome as a common native land for the Royal principal residence, also the Supreme Court of Parliament and the University were situated there. The image of the French impartial Justice is embodied by the Sarrasins (Muslims) who appealed with their suits to the Parliament of Paris. Therefore, the Royal Supreme Court (the Parliament) contributed to French national pride and the establishment of patriotism in Medieval France.

II.II. THE BURGUNDIAN SOCIETY AND SELF-IDENTIFICATION OF THE BURGUNDIANS IN THE XV^th CENTURY