God's War: A New History of the Crusades

30. See, e.g., refs. and trans. of Bacon’s Opus Maius and Humbert’s Opusculum tripartitum, Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 152.

31. Arnold of Lübeck, ‘De conversione Livonie’, Chronica Slavorum, pp. 212–31; Henry of Livonia, Chronicon, pp. 6–12 et seq.

32. PL, 215, cols. 428–30.

33. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 98; Bartlett, Making of Europe, p. 268 for Riga’s Fifth Crusade contribution.

34. For Livonia, W. Urban, Baltic Crusade; Christiansen, Northern Crusade, esp. pp. 93–104.

35. For Livonia after 1300, W. Urban, The Livonian Crusade (Washington, DC 1981). In general, N. Housley, The Later Crusades

(Oxford 1992).

36. Apart from the general surveys, see T. Lindkvist, ‘Crusades and Crusading Ideology in the Political History of Sweden’, Crusade and Conversion, ed. Murray, pp. 119–30; Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’.

37. PL, 200, cols. 860–61.

38. Henry of Livonia, Chronicon, p. 43.

39. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, esp. pp. 109–13, 132–7.

40. See note 39 and ibid., pp. 177–98.

41. For refs. to the Revelationes S. Brigittae, Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 276 note 135 and pp. 190–92.

42. W. Urban, The Prussian Crusade (Lanham 1980); Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 104–9 and pp. 199–226.

43. Gregory IX, Registres, no. 2,097.

44

. Codex Diplomaticus Prussicus, ed. J. Voigt (Königsberg 1836–61), i, 59–60.

45. See, apart from the general works cited, M. Burleigh, ‘The Military Orders in the Baltic’, New Cambridge Medieval History, v, ed. D. Abulafia (Cambridge 1999), pp. 743–53.

46. E. N. Johnson, ‘The German Crusade in the Baltic’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, iii, esp. pp. 572–3.

47. Epistolae saeculi XIII e regestis pontificum romanorum, ed. G. H. Pertz and C. Rodenberg, MGH, ii (Berlin 1887), no. 5.

48. Voigt, Codex Diplomaticus Prussicus, i, 59–60.

49. Alexander IV, Registres, ed. C. Bourel de la Roncière et al. (Paris 1895–1953), no. 3,068.

50. In general, Urban, Livonian Crusade; Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 138–98; A. Ehlers, ‘The Crusade of the Teutonic Knights Reconsidered’, Crusade and Conversion, ed. Murray, pp. 21–44.

51. Bruno of Olmütz’s Relatio

, ed. C. Hofler, ‘Analecta zur Geschichte Deutschlands und Italiens’, Abhandlungen der historischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 3rd series, 4 (1846), 1–28.

52. Liv-, Esth-, und Curländisches Urkundenbuch, ed. F. G. Bunge (Revel and Riga 1853–1910), ii, no. 630.

53. In general, W. Paravicini, Die Preussenreisen des europäischen Adels (Sigmaringen 1989–).

54. G. Chaucer, General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, ll. 52–4.

55. For what follows, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 266–76; M. Keen, ‘Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy, and the Crusade’, English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages, ed. V. J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne (London 1983).

56. Calendar of Patent Rolls (Public Record Office, London 1901–), 1367–70, pp. 24, 56, 57, 58, 64, 72, 127, 128.

57. Calendar of Papal Registers, ed. W. T. Bliss et al. (London 1893–1960), iv, 19.

58

. J. Capgrave, De Illustribus Henricis, ed. F. C. Hingeston, Rolls Series (London 1858), p. 99; cf. Ehlers, ‘Crusade of the Teutonic Knights’.

59. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 272 and note 55 for ref. to Henry’s accounts.

60. Calendar of Close Rolls (Public Record Office, London 1902–), 1374–77, p. 11.

61. For these commercial aspects, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 272–4.

62. In general, Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 227–58; M. Burleigh, Prussian Society and the German Order 1410–66 (Cambridge 1984).

63. See the discussion, Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 231–41.

22: Survival and Decline: the Frankish Holy Land in the Thirteenth Century

1. In general, Holt, Age of the Crusades, esp. pp. 53–106, 138–53; Irwin, Middle East, esp. pp. 21–84.