God's War: A New History of the Crusades

44. Jackson, Mongols, pp. 87–93 and refs.

45. Described by the well-informed Jean Sarasin, Eracles, pp. 569–71; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 68–9; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 197–8, 282–3; cf. Jackson, Mongols, pp. 98–100.

46. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 288, and generally pp. 282–8.

47. See the lurid but serious fascination shown by Matthew Paris throughout his Chronica Majora, e.g. iv, 76–8, 270–77, 386–9; for his drawing of alleged Mongol cannibalism, M. R. James (ed.), ‘The Drawings of Matthew Paris’, Walpole Society, 14 (1925–6), no. 86. For the cultural and intellectual significance of such opening of the east to direct western scrutiny, Biller, Measure of Multitude, chap. 9, esp. pp. 227–35.

48. For numbers, Strayer, ‘Crusades,’ pp. 493–4.

49. On this contingent, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 108–10; Lloyd, English Society, p. 137, and notes 105–6 for refs.

50. Eracles, p. 571; Shirley, Crusader Syria

, p. 69.

51. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 203–4.

52. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 214.

53. Eracles, p. 592; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 87.

54. Ibn Wasil, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 286, 288 and, generally for the Nile campaign, pp. 284–302.

55. John of Joinville, Histoire (French text), p. 140; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 262 omits the detail that the Frenchman had come to Egypt with the Fifth Crusade.

56. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 210.

57. After her own interlude in power in the summer of 1250, she promptly married her successor, the Turkish emir Aybak.

58. Eracles, pp. 594–5; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 89.

59. For the timber for war machines, John of Joinville, Life of Louis

, pp. 213–17; Eracles, p. 600; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 92–3.

60. For the victory and defeat at Mansourah, John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 218–42; cf. the Rothelin version, Eracles, pp. 599–616; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 92–103; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 288–95.

61. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 90.

62. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 225.

63. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 222.

64. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 224.

65. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 222.

66. P. Cole, D. L. d’Avray, J. Riley-Smith, ‘Application of Theology to Current Affairs: Memorial Sermons on the Dead of Mansourah and on Innocent IV’, Historical Research, 62 (1990), 227–47, esp. Odo of Châteauroux’s sermon on 2 King’s 1:18, David’s lament over Jonathan.

67

. For the Longspee heroics and early legend, Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 76–7, 105–9, 116–17, 130–34, 138–44, 147–75, 201–4 (p. 154 for ‘manifest martyr’), 254, 280–81. S. Lloyd, ‘William Longspee II: The Making of an English Hero’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 35 (1991), 41–69 and, with T. Hunt, 36 (1992), 79–125.

68. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 291.

69. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 239.

70. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 292; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 237; Eracles, p. 610; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 99.

71. Eracles, p. 611; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 100.

72. Quoted Richard, St Louis, p. 125.

73. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 243.

74. Ibn Wasil, Gabrieli, Arab Historians

, p. 294.

75. Richard, St Louis, p. 125; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, captures the chaos, dejection and fear, pp. 240–44.

76. Abu Shamah, Livre des Deux Jardins, RHC Or., v (Paris 1906), 196; cf. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 302, from Maqrizi’s fifteenth-century compilation.

77. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 263; an exaggerated sum.

78. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 246–50.

79. Ibn Wasil’s comment, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 298; for the coup, pp. 295–8; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 251–6.

80. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 258–60.

81. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 256.

82. Above pp. 777–9. And chap. 22, p. 727.

83. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck, ed. P. Jackson with D. Morgan, Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, no. 173 (London 1990), pp. 1–55 (Introduction); pp. 59–278 for the friar’s report to Louis IX; Jackson, Mongols, pp. 99–100.