Капитализм всеобщего блага. Новая модель мировой экономики

18 “Coronavirus Lifts Government Debt to WWII Levels – Cutting It Won’t Be Easy,” The Wall Street Journal, August 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-lifts-governmentdebt-to-wwii-levelscutting-it-wont-be-easy-11598191201.

19 “Resolving Global Debt: An Urgent Collective Action Cause,” Geoffrey Okamoto, IMF First Deputy Managing Director, October 2020, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/10/01/sp100120-resolving-global-debt-an-urgent-collective-action-cause.

20 “Gross Debt Position, % of GDP,” Fiscal Monitor, International Monetary Fund, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_XWDG_G01_GDP_PT@FM/ADVEC/FM_EMG/FM_LIDC.

21 “Inflation Rate, Average Consumer Prices, Annual Percent Change, Advanced Economies,” World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/ADVEC/OEMDC.

22 International Monetary Fund, DataMapper, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD.

23 “Youth Dividend or Ticking Time Bomb?” Africa Renewal, UN, 2017, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/special-edition-youth-2017/youth-dividend-or-tickingtime-bomb.

24 “EM Youth Bulge: A Demographic Dividend or Time Bomb?” Jonathan Wheatley, Financial Times, May 2013, https://www.ft.com/content/f08db252-6e84-371d-980a-30ab41650ff2.

25 National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Japan, http://www.ipss.go.jp/pp-zenkoku/e/zenkoku_e2017/pp_zenkoku2017e_gaiyou.html#e_zenkoku_II.

26 “Gross Debt Position, % of GDP,” Fiscal Monitor, International Monetary Fund, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_XWDG_G01_GDP_PT@FM/ADVEC/FM_EMG/FM_LIDC.

27 Там же.

28 “U.S. Central Bank Cuts Interest Rate for 1st Time Since 2008,” CBC, July 2019, https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/federal-reserve-interest-rate-decision-1.5231891.

29 “United States Fed Funds Rate, 1971–2020,” Trading Economics, https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/interest-rate.

30 Это распространенная практика для многих нефтегазодобывающих стран, таких как Иран, Россия, Саудовская Аравия, Ирак, ОАЭ, Ливия и Кувейт, а также таких развивающихся рынков, как Китай, Индонезия, Мексика и Египет. См.: “Energy Subsidies, Tracking the Impact of Fossil-Fuel Subsidies,” IEA, https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-subsidies.

31 “Public Spending on Health: A Closer Look at Global Trends,” World Health Organization, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276728/WHO-HIS-HGF-HF-Working Paper-18.3-eng.pdf?ua=1.

32 “Global Infrastructure Outlook,” Global Infrastructure Hub, https://outlook.gihub.org/.

33 “We’ll Live to 100—How Can We Afford It?” World Economic Forum, http://www3. weforum.org/docs/WEF_White_Paper_We_Will_Live_to_100.pdf.

34 “Labor Productivity and Costs,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/lpc/prodybar.htm.

35 “Decoupling of Wages from Productivity,” OECD, Economic Outlook, November 2018, https://www.oecd.org/economy/outlook/Decoupling-of-wages-from-productivitynovember-2018-OECD-economic-outlook-chapter.pdf.

36 “Some Notes on the Scientific Methods of Simon Kuznets,” Robert Fogel, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1987, https://www.nber.org/papers/w2461.pdf.

37 “Global Inequality is Declining – Largely Thanks to China and India,” Zsolt Darvas, Bruegel Institute, April 2018, https://bruegel.org/2018/04/global-income-inequality-isdeclining-largely-thanks-to-china-and-india/.

38 “Upper-Middle-Income Countries,” World Bank, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.

39 “China Lifts 740 Million Rural Poor Out of Poverty Since 1978,” Xinhua, September 2018, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/03/c_137441670.htm.

40 “Minneapolis Fed, “Income and Wealth Inequality in America, 1949–2016,” https://www.minneapolisfed.org/institute/working-papers-institute/iwp9.pdf.

41 “Piketty’s Inequality Story in Six Charts,” John Cassidy, The New Yorker, March 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/pikettys-inequality-story-in-six-charts.

42 “World Inequality Report, 2018,” https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-summary-english.pdf.

43 The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, Guy Standing, 2011, https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-precariat-9781849664561/.

44 Интервью Питера ван Хэма с Калле Ласном, Ванкувер, Канада, март 2012 года.

45 “World Inequality Report, 2018,” https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-summary-english.pdf.

46 “How Unequal Is Europe? Evidence from Distributional National Accounts, 1980–2017,” Thomas Blanchet, Lucas Chancel, Amory Gethin, World Economic Database, April 2019, https://wid.world/document/bcg2019-full-paper/.

47 EU income inequality decline: Views from an income shares perspective, Zsolt Darvas, Bruegel Institute, 2018, https://www.bruegel.org/2018/07/eu-income-inequality-declineviews-from-an-income-shares-perspective/.