The Great Terror

109. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, pp. 25–29; Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 124.

110. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, pp. 342ff.

111. Personal information; and see Solzhenitsyn, First Circle, p. 150.

112. Herling, World Apart, p. 9.

113. Vladimir Petrov, Soviet Gold (New York, 1949), passim.

114. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 89.

115. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 83.

116. Trybuna Ludu, 23 November 1961.

117. Herling, World Apart, p. 105.

118. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, pp. 447–51.

119. For example, Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 45.

120. Ibid., p. 87.

121. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 285.

122. Ekart, Vanished Without a Trace

, p. 204.

123. Henry W. Morton, Soviet Sport (New York, 1963), pp. 186–93.

124. Medvedev, Let History Judge, p. 353.

125. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, pp. 305–6.

126. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 118.

127. Ibid., p. 119.

128. Ibid., p. 46.

129. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 37.

130. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, pp. 189–91.

131. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 46.

132. Ibid., pp. 122–23.

133. Ibid., p. 110.

134. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 326.

135. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 114.

136. Ibid., p. 154.

137. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice

, p. 161–62.

138. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, pp. 350–51.

139. Pamyat’, no. 3 (1978), p. 221.

140. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 133.

141. Bezbozhnik, no. 7 (1937).

142. F. O. Oleshchuk, Bor’ba tserkvi protiv naroda (Moscow, 1939), pp. 85–86.

143. Ibid., p. 65.

144. Ibid., p. 87.

145. Bolshevik, no. 30 (1938).

146. Joseph Berger, Shipwreck of a Generation (London, 1971), p. 147.

147. Oleshchuk, Bor’ba tserkvi protiv naroda, p. 55.

148. Serdyuk, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress (Pravda, 31 October 1961).

149. Brzezinski, Permanent Purge, p. 229.

150. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, pp. 42–43.

151. Lermolo, Face of a Victim, p. 202.

152. Ibid., chap. 18; Neumann, Under Two Dictators

, pp. 40–41.

153. Alexander Orlov, The Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes (New York, 1953), pp. 226–27.

154. Ibid., pp. 227–28.

155. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, pp. 407–8; and see Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 316.

156. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 251; Sovetskaya Sibir’ , 17 February 1939, 21–24 February 1939.

157. L. P. Petrovsky, “Letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU,” in For Human Rights (Frankfurt, 1969).

158. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, .p. 72.

159. I. V. Spiridonov, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.

160. Stalin, speech to the February–March plenum of the Central Committee, 3 March 1937.

161. Itogi vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1959 g. (Moscow, 1962), vol. 1, pp. 161–64.

162. Ekart, Vanished Without a Trace, p. 156.

163. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 288.

164. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 2 (1988).

165. Gorizont

, no. 5 (1988), p. 36.

166. B. P. Beshchev, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.

167. N. M. Shvernik, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.

168. Ibid.

169. Kravchenko, 1 Chose Justice, chap. 9.

170. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 99.

171. Lengyel, From Beginning to End, p. 14.

172. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 49.

173. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, pp. 291–97.

174. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 65–66.

175. For example, Gorbatov, Years Off My Life, p. 111.

176. Anton Ciliga, The Russian Enigma (London, 1940), p. 141.

177. For example, Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 47.

178. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 238.

179. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 57.

180. Antonov-Ovseenko, Time of Stalin, p. 156.