The Great Terror

10. Anton Ciliga, The Russian Enigma (London, 1940), p. 180.

11. Ibid., p. 250.

12. Ibid., p. 180.

13. Izvestiya, 21 December 1988.

14. V. Tikhonov, in Literaturnaya gazeta, 3 August 1988, p. 10.

15. S. Swianiewicz, Forced Labour and Economic Development (London, 1965), p. 123.

16. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 54.

17. Tyur’ma kapitalisticheskikh stran (Moscow, 1937), pp. 54, 61, 143.

18. Antoni Ekart, Vanished Without a Trace (London, 1954), p. 71.

19. Eleanor Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps (London, 1951), p. 76.

20. Gurgen Maari, in Voprosy literatury, November 1964; Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge, rev. ed. (New York, 1989), p. 504.

21. Vladimir Petrov, Soviet Gold (New York, 1949).

22. Jozsef Lengyel, From Beginning to End (London, 1966), p. 15.

23. Margarete [Buber] Neumann, Under Two Dictators

(London, 1949), pp. 62–63.

24. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), pp. 212ff.

25. The Dark Side of the Moon (London, 1946), p. 666.

26. Ibid., p. 57.

27. Ibid., p. 67.

28. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 263.

29. A. V. Gorbatov, Years Off My Life (New York, 1964), pp. 125–26.

30. Ibid., p. 133.

31. Ibid., p. 129.

32. Ibid., pp. 140–41.

33. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 95.

34. Dark Side of the Moon, p. 158.

35. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 122.

36. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 149.

37. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 17.

38. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice

, p. 258.

39. Andrée Sentaurens, L'Air du temps (Paris, 1963).

40. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (London, 1947), p. 339.

41. Sentaurens, L'Air du temps, passim.

42. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 240.

43. DaIlin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 28.

44. Wolin and Slusser, Soviet Secret Police, p. 194.

45. Moscow News, no. 48 (1988).

46. Kazakhstanskaya pravda, 25 October 1987.

47. Komsomolets Tadzhikistana, 11 November 1988.

48. Molodezh’ Gruzii, 17 November 1988; Turkmenskaya iskra, 24 September 1988.

49. Kazakhstanskaya pravda, 26 June 1989.

50. Herling, World Apart, pp. 21–22.

51. Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago (New York, 1958), p. 452.

52. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union

, pp. 35–36.

53. Ibid., pp. 34–35.

54. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 72.

55. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 254.

56. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, trans. Max Hayward and Ronald Hingley (New York, 1963), p. 7.

57. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, pp. 336–41.

58. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 136.

59. Ibid., p. 3.

60. Nedelya, no. 19 (1988).

61. Peter Yakir, “Letter to the Editor of Kommunist,” 2 March 1969, translated in Survey, nos. 70–71 (1969), p. 83.

62. A. Dyakov, in Oktyabr’, no. 7 (1964).

63. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 203.

64. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 144.

65. Ekart, Vanished Without a Trace, p. 105.

66. Julia de Beausobre [Lady Namier], The Woman Who Could Not Die

(London, 1948).

67. Nauka i religiya, November 1965.

68. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 203.

69. Ibid., p. 185.

70. For example, Herling, World Apart, p. 45.

71. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 8.

72. For example, Lengyel, From Beginning to End, p. 31.

73. Yakir, “Letter to the Editor of Kommunist,” p. 64.

74. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, pp. 43–44.

75. Ibid., p. 28.

76. Ibid., p. 198.

77. Ibid., p. 12; and see Ekart, Vanished Without a Trace, p. 57; Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 138.

78. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, pp. 26–27.

79. Ibid., pp. 23–24.