The Great Terror

253. Amtliches Material zum Massenmord von Winniza (Berlin, 1944), p. 73; Izvestiya, 12 September 1988.

254. Soviet Analyst, 12 October 1988.

255. Literaturnaya gazeta, 2 November 1988.

256. Izvestiya, 12 November 1988; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 4 (1989); Khrushchev, Secret Speech.

257. Kravchenko, 1 Chose Justice, pp. 281–82.

258. Daugava, no. 10 (1988).

259. Ibid.

260. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 46.

261. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 286.

262. Ibid., pp. 288–89.

263. Fitzroy Maclean, Eastern Approaches (London, 1949), pp. 40–41.

264. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 109.

265. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 414.

266. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 49.

267. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 414.

Chapter 10: On the Cultural Front

1. N. M. Shvernik, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress (Pravda, 26 October 1961).

2. Pravda, 21 April 1937.

3. Pyatakov Trial, p. 163.

4. Ibid., p. 94.

5. Ibid., p. 217.

6. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Justice (London, 1951), chap. 2.

7. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), p. 154.

8. Ibid., pp. 149–65.

9. Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965).

10. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (London, 1947), p. 304.

11. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).

12. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 29.

13. Ibid., p. 37.

14. Sovetskaya Byelorossiya, 11 October 1988.

15. Alexander Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence (London, 1952), pp. 359–60.

16. Moscow News, no. 17 (1988).

17. Nedelya, 3–9 November 1963.

18. Moscow News, no. 48 (1987).

19. Ibid.

20. R. V. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs (London, 1965), p. 246.

21. Markoosha Fischer, My Lives in Russia (New York, 1944), p. 196.

22. A. Kuusinen, The Rings of Destiny (New York, 1974), p. 133; Nedelya, no. 45 (1988).

23. Literaturnaya gazeta, 9 November 1988.

24. Kuusinen, Rings of Destiny, p. 133.

25. Literaturnaya gazeta, 9 November 1988.

26. Joseph Berger, Shipwreck of a Generation (London, 1971), p. 23.

27. Politicheskiy dnevnik 1965–1970 (Amsterdam, 1972), p. 726.

28. See Robert E. McCutchen, “The 1936–1937 Purge of Soviet Astronomers” (Paper presented at the 173th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, 9 January 1989).

29. New York Times, 27 December 1936.

30. Ukrains’ka Radians’ka Entsiklopediya (Kiev, 1959–65), vol. 16, p. 600.

31. A. Nekrich, Otreshis ot strakha (London, 1979), p. 19.

32. For the biologist Vavilov in particular, see especially Zhores A. Medvedev, The Rise and Fall of T. D. Lysenko (New York, 1969); and see Nauka i zhizn, no. 11

(1988); Moscow News, no. 46 (1987); Ogonek, no. 47 (1987); Knizhnoe obozrenie, 10 February 1989. Much of this information was also given in a book published in the USSR in the late 1960s—S. Reznik, Nikolai Vavilov—which, however, was later withdrawn (Khronika, no. 10).

33. Pravda vostoka, 5 September 1988; Knizhnoe obozrenie, 4 November 1988.

34. N. Mandelshtam, Hope Against Hope (New York, 1970), p. 364.

35. Ilya Ehrenburg, in Novyy mir

, no. 4 (1962).

36. Literaturnaya gazeta, 28 December 1988.

37. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, letter to the IVth Congress of Soviet Writers (Survey, no. 64 [July 1967]).

38. Moscow News, no. 48 (1988).

39. Literaturnaya gazeta, 28 December 1988.

40. Literaturnaya gazeta, 15 August 1936, 27 August 1936; Pravda, 27 August 1937.

41. Literaturnaya gazeta, 20 April 1937; Lazar Fleishman, Boris Pasternak v tridsatye godi (Jerusalem, 1984), p. 407.

42. Literaturnaya gazeta, 15 May 1937.

43. Literaturnaya gazeta, 26 April 1937.

44. Pavel Gol’dshtein, Tochka opory (Jerusalem, n.d.), vol. 1, p. 38.

45. Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Warsaw, 1962–70); and see Zeszyty Histotycne, no. 69 (1984); Pamir, no. 11 (1988).

46. Ilya Ehrenburg, Men, Years, Life (New York, 1961), vol. 4, p. 197.